Archeology of Crimea map. Archaeological monuments of Crimea (book series)

In the Crimean archaeological sources of medieval times, as noted. OI. Dombrovsky, belong to different times, are not the same in terms of fortification, and therefore functionally different fortifications have not yet been sufficiently explored; the remains of numerous settlements and burial grounds, traces of past agricultural terracing of long-forested areas mountain slopes, crepides of terraces and ancient paths hidden in the mountains, abandoned pottery pipes, ditches that are now not in use, fountains, wells, medieval quarries, ore smelters and pottery kilns.

The sacristan population of the peninsula, of course, could not coexist peacefully for long periods of time. Intercommunal conflicts, in particular, are evidenced by numerous - different, although synchronous - defensive systems: fortified, but not inhabited in peacetime, shelters next to open settlements; villages surrounded by walls; places of temporary stay in mountain caves. There are also simple, small quantities. The houses stood next to each other at the heights of the mountains, the villages with houses in the form of small towers were planned in a honeycomb-like manner, which turned the farmer's estate into a kind of fortress of layering of spherical layers and the stratigraphy of building remains testifies to the long-term and constant use by the population of all points of the above categories.

The choice of places to live and differences in lifestyle are primarily due to the age-related habit of certain newcomer groups of the population to certain forms management that could develop according to specific natural conditions. This includes transhumance in the mountains, hunting combined with beekeeping, collecting gifts of nature, “chairne” farming on small plots of land cleared of forest, farming in valleys and gardening on low watersheds, viticulture on the southern slopes of the mountains and fishing. , small rural crafts and crafts and crafts.

The study of archaeological monuments left by bearers of various archaeological cultures should begin with the Byzantine - VIII-X centuries, their appearance was facilitated by mass migration during the period of iconoclasm. At this time, slab burial grounds appeared, in the area of which burials were carried out according to Christian custom - stretched out on the back, head to the west; in some graves, body crosses were found throughout the entire territory. South. In the Crimea, rural settlements and fortified monasteries with materials of provincial Byzantine culture appeared (round-bottomed red clay amphoras, Byzantine bilogged dishes - painted and oinochoi and flasks, small flat-bottomed pithos, various pots). Later, the forms of amphorae change.

The area of the settlements and the number of buildings in them are quite significant. On the ground side, the settlements were surrounded by fences about 3 m wide, but on the territory itself the buildings were located haphazardly, a well-known landmark of that time. Ayu-Dag is a village located on the top of a forested mountain. Two types of houses were built here - single-chamber and pentatist houses, the dimensions of which were twice the previous ones. In the center of the settlement there was a temple.

Simultaneously with the rural, small-sized, single-nave basilicas, in the era of iconoclasm, three-nave and three-apse basilicas of much larger sizes appeared. The activity of monastic immigration spreads into the Yuvalas and into the mountainous regions, where a significant group arises cave monasteries, according to the nature of the development, close to the so-called “cave cities” (Fig. 27t; (Fig. 27).

Such cities are called a unique group of monuments (fortifications, monasteries, villages) located in the foothills of the peninsula; their characteristic feature is the various premises carved into the rock for religious, military, residential and religious purposes. The remains of above-ground buildings are now covered with soil and vegetation. Fortifications often reached significant sizes for those times (about 10 hectares). Parts of their area were not built up and were probably intended to protect the surrounding rural population during enemy attacks or trade.

. Rice 27"Cave City"Chufut-Kale near Bakhchisarai

Two of them -. Eski-Kerman and. Chufut-Kale - located nearby. Bakhchisarai. The first arose in the 5th-6th centuries and existed until the end of the 13th century. The defensive walls, made of stone, were about 2 m thick. They would have been adjacent to towers carved into rocky outcroppings. The city had many stone buildings and about 400 caves, as well as church buildings. During the excavations, streets and grain pits carved into the rock, a deep stake in clothes, a water supply system and the remains of craft workshops were discovered. The population was engaged in agriculture, cattle breeding, viticulture, crafts and trade.

It was one of the most "cave cities". Chufut-Kale. It is surrounded by impressive stone walls with arched gates. It arose, like others, in the V-VI centuries. Many cave complexes, a deep well and other buildings were discovered on its territory. Later, the Tatars ruled over the mint and prison for prisoners and hostages, and became a center of crafts and trade. Not far from the city, a large burial ground with graves was discovered.

The settlement of the early Bulgarians of the 7th-10th centuries, discovered in different parts of the peninsula, can be divided into two chronological groups, the “watershed” between which was the middle of the 8th century. The earliest and most typical ones include n settlements. Tau-Kipchak, on which buildings with stone walls were placed in five “kushama”; each of them included structures of the same type, grouped two or three together. The distance between individual groups reached 10-25 m. Inside, only one room had a small fireplace (that is, it was residential), the rest performed economic functions and government functions.

The Khazar-Bulgarians, having come to Tavrika, brought with them a characteristic type of housing - a half-dugout with a domed roof. But, having become acquainted with developed stone construction, they began to build above-ground structures. Also characteristic of this circle of monuments was the dry laying of the walls in a herringbone pattern. The ceramic complex consisted of amphoras of local and imported production, pots and mugs of various types. Modeled ceramics in their mass are made on a potter's wheel. A large number of agricultural tools were revealed during the second of the mentioned periods; the material culture according to the main ostentatious iqama did not change. Early Bulgarian culture disappeared in the middle of the 10th century as a result of the Khazar-Byzantine wars. Later, a new ethnocultural community began to form here.

In the first centuries of the 2nd millennium, not the majority of settlements. Tauriki was characterized by the following features: buildings, as a rule, are located on rocky or very steep terrain, unsuitable for cultivation. The floodplain of the river or the flat part of the irrigation valley is used only for gardening or crops. This feature is also characteristic of. The Baydar Valley, where settlements located around it on the mountain spurs have been recorded. Other types of mountain settlements are also known, the residential and economic buildings of which were erected directly on earthen terraces with retaining walls or fields divided into sections by stone fences.

Among the settlements of the 12th-14th centuries, there are three main types of planning, which are well recorded in the tract. Laspi is not far from. Yalta. First of all, this is a village. Haspio with a porous structure, consisting of more than 3 30 terraces that descended to the sea. They were fortified with stone crepides, on which stood walls dividing the terraces. A residential tower, utility rooms, and a stable for small household amenities adjoined the walls of each such hearth. All settlements used water that came from one water supply system, built from pottery pipes (Fig. 28p. 28).

Later, another settlement appeared -. Shaburla, the regular rows of buildings here were located on long terraces. These structures were built at a considerable distance from each other. Large pithoi were dug in to store water near dwellings far from sources. The third large settlement -. Primorskoe - located on the opposite side of the mentioned stream. The buildings here were erected haphazardly (this is due to the terrain) and differed from the previous ones in many respects. The courtyards were fenced, and winding streets ran between them.

Medieval cities were rich and rich in monuments. Crimea. One of them -. Sudak (Byzantine. Sugdeya, Italian soldier, Old Russian. Surozh), whose defensive walls with 26 towers (built at different times) and a barbican cover two tiers of mountains and protect the approaches to the port. The total area of the fortress is about 60 hectares. At an early stage (VI - first half of the 8th century) the city was... Usually the Ainu had a seaside fortress, at the highest point of which the Byzantine garrison was located. A lighthouse was built nearby, which functioned until the 17th century. Next to the fortifications there was also a Byzantine customs office (more than 500 lead seals were found) (Fig. 29, Fig. 29).

The Khazar period (second half of the 8th-10th centuries) is characterized by the decline of this coastal center, especially its port part. But in the middle of the 9th century, a defensive wall was built, built from blocks in a typical manner. Khazar defense technology. But no signs of urban development of those times were found, and the fortifications themselves served solely to protect the warriors.

. Rice 28 Crimean medieval ceramics

Figure 29. Reconstruction of the perimeter. Sudak fortress (behind I. A. Baranov)

The formation of city blocks and the creation of a unified system of defensive structures began after the defeat of the Kaganate, when part. Tavriki rejoined the team. Byzantine Empire. K.. Sugdei from. Kherson-Ko Orsun transferred the fleet and shipyards. During this period, the city was built up with two-story buildings, and defensive walls divided it into five zones. The dominant feature of the city remains the castle, to which the aristocratic part flocked. During this period the city reaches its largest size.

The situation worsens significantly in the second half of the 13th - first half of the 14th century, after the entry. Sugdei is included. Crimean ulus. Gold. Hordes: defensive structures. Lower City were completely dismantled, and workshops appeared in their place. Apparently the city (already a soldier) is experiencing a recovery after the transition to jurisdiction. Genoa in 1380. However, in 1475 it was destroyed by the Turks.

Medieval. Chersonesus (Kherson, Korsun) was inherited. Byzantium from. Roman Empire. This city is a major craft and cultural center. Crimean peninsula, served as the empire's mediator in sea and land trade. Northern. Black Sea region and Kievskaya. Russia. Power. Byzantium c. Tavrika was not complete and, in fact, only. Chersonesus remained here as its stronghold in the economic and political struggle for the Northern Black Sea region; in turn, the empire defended the city from nomads and other attackers. The population gravitated towards Chersonese, which explains the accumulation of agricultural settlements, and then significant feudal lands near the city or on the approaches to it (Fig. 30. 30).

Picture of. Chersonesos as medieval city excavations of the eastern region and the northern shore, where residential areas have been discovered, provide evidence. Defensive structures (walls and towers) in the port and other parts of the city pose a constant military threat to its inhabitants. IN close proximity From the city walls, the remains of various public buildings, large cisterns of one of the city water pipelines and thermal baths of the 10th century were discovered. All this testifies to the high level of urban planning culture and civilization of the inhabitants.

The medieval city was built on the ruins of the ancient one, repeating its regular layout. Only the layout of households within the blocks changed, the estates were rebuilt, but the layout of the streets remained the same. In the X-XII centuries it became possible to significantly streamline urban planning, thanks to which the center acquired the character of a holistic architectural ensemble. the main street ran from east to west; on both sides of it there were two-story houses, huddled together. The lower floors of most of them housed shops. The facades, with the exception of the homes of the richest owners, were decorated quite simply.

. Rice 30 medieval manors. Chersonese with a chapel-tomb in the foreground (reconstruction by O. L. Yakobson)

The main city thoroughfare, dividing it into almost equal parts, was crossed perpendicularly by transverse streets, and longitudinal ones ran parallel to it. The main street overlooked the square, where the temple stood, cramped but built-up residential areas were located on both sides of it and terraced down to the sea and the harbor.

Monumental architecture is presented??in. Chersonesos with religious buildings. Basilicas, cross-domed churches, and small chapels were erected in almost every quarter and largely determined the architectural area of the city, particularly in the eastern part. Chersonese contains the so-called. Uvarovskaya Basilica. Judging by its location, size and arrangement, it could be that cathedral, where the prince was married (and also baptized). Vladimir. Svyatoslavich with the princess. Anna. Together with other sacred buildings, this temple complex occupied an entire block.

The strong fortifications are not distinguished by any original architectural solutions, although they were executed at a high level for their time. The remains of ancient buildings were also used during construction. The so-called tower attracts special attention. Zeno, erected above the port at the southern end of the defense line.

at the end of the 13th century, already dilapidated. Chersonesos was attacked by the Horde. Kicked and then gradually fell into disrepair

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Danilenko V. N., Tokareva R. N.. - Simferopol: Tavria, 1974. - 80 p. - (Archaeological monuments of Crimea). - 50,000 copies.(region)

Vysotskaya T. N.. - Simferopol: Tavria, 1975. - 96 p. - (Archaeological monuments of Crimea).(region)
Dombrovsky O. I., Stolbunov A. A., Baranov I. A. Ayu-Dag - “Holy” mountain. - Simferopol: Tavria, 1975. - 136 p. - (Archaeological monuments of Crimea).(region)

Veymarn E. V., Choref M. Ya.. - Simferopol: Tavria, 1976. - 88 p. - (Archaeological monuments of Crimea).(region)
Shcheglov A. N. Polis and chora. - Simferopol: Tavria, 1976. - 176 p. - (Archaeological monuments of Crimea). - 50,000 copies.(region)

Drachuk V. S., Kara Ya. B., Chelyshev Yu. V. Kerkinitida-Gezlev-Evpatoria. - Simferopol: Tavria, 1977. - 128 p. - (Archaeological monuments of Crimea). - 50,000 copies.(region)
Kolosov Yu. G.. - Simferopol: Tavria, 1977. - 96 p. - (Archaeological monuments of Crimea). - 50,000 copies.(region) (the book is dedicated ancient monuments Crimea, primarily to the archaeological complex of the White Rock (Ak-Kaya) near Belogorsk)

Dombrovsky O. I., Sidorenko V. A. Solkhat and Surb-Khach. - Simferopol: Tavria, 1978. - 128 p. - (Archaeological monuments of Crimea).(region)

Vysotskaya T. N. Scythian settlements. - Ed. 2nd. - Simferopol: Tavria, 1989. - 96 p. - (series not specified). - ISBN 5-7780-0125-8.(region)

Olkhovsky V. S., Khrapunov I. N. Crimean Scythia. - Simferopol: Tavria, 1990. - 128 p. - (Archaeological monuments of Crimea).
Solomonik E.I. Stone Chronicle of Chersonesus: Greek lapidary inscriptions of ancient times. - Simferopol: Tavria, 1990. - 112 p. - (Archaeological monuments of Crimea). - 20,000 copies. - ISBN 5-7780-0174-6.(region)

Kutaisov V. A.. - Simferopol: Tavria, 1992. - (Archaeological monuments of Crimea).(region)

Herzen A. G., Mogarichev Yu. M. Fortress of jewelry Kirk-or. Chufut-kale. - Simferopol: Tavria, 1993. - 128 p. - (Archaeological monuments of Crimea).(region)

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An excerpt characterizing the Archaeological monuments of Crimea (book series)

As Pierre approached Povarskaya, the smoke became stronger and stronger, and there was even heat from the fire. Occasionally tongues of fire rose from behind the roofs of houses. There were more people on the streets, and these people were more anxious. But Pierre, although he felt that something extraordinary was happening around him, was not aware that he was approaching a fire. Walking along a path that ran through a large undeveloped place, adjacent on one side to Povarskaya, on the other to the gardens of Prince Gruzinsky’s house, Pierre suddenly heard the desperate cry of a woman next to him. He stopped, as if awakening from sleep, and raised his head.
To the side of the path, on the dry, dusty grass, household belongings were piled up: feather beds, a samovar, icons and chests. On the ground next to the chests sat an elderly, thin woman, with long protruding upper teeth, dressed in a black cloak and cap. This woman, rocking and saying something, cried sorely. Two girls, from ten to twelve years old, dressed in dirty short dresses and cloaks, looked at their mother with an expression of bewilderment on their pale, frightened faces. A smaller boy, about seven years old, wearing a suit and someone else’s huge cap, was crying in the arms of an old woman nanny. A barefoot, dirty girl sat on a chest and, having loosened her whitish braid, pulled back her singed hair, sniffing it. The husband, a short, stooped man in a uniform, with wheel-shaped sideburns and smooth temples visible from under a straight-on cap, with a motionless face, pushed apart the chests, placed one on top of the other, and pulled out some clothes from under them.
The woman almost threw herself at Pierre's feet when she saw him.
“Dear fathers, Orthodox Christians, save, help, my dear!.. someone help,” she said through sobs. - A girl!.. A daughter!.. They left my youngest daughter!.. She burned down! Oh oh oh! That's why I cherish you... Oh oh oh!
“That’s enough, Marya Nikolaevna,” the husband addressed his wife in a quiet voice, obviously only to justify himself to a stranger. - My sister must have taken it away, otherwise where else would I be? - he added.
- Idol! The villain! – the woman screamed angrily, suddenly stopping crying. “You have no heart, you don’t feel sorry for your brainchild.” Someone else would have pulled it out of the fire. And this is an idol, not a man, not a father. “You are a noble man,” the woman quickly turned to Pierre, sobbing. “It caught fire nearby,” he said to us. The girl screamed: it’s burning! They rushed to collect. They jumped out in what they were wearing... That's what they captured... God's blessing and a dowry bed, otherwise everything was lost. Grab the children, Katechka is gone. Oh my God! Ooo! – and again she began to sob. - My dear child, it burned! burned!
- Where, where did she stay? - said Pierre. From the expression on his animated face, his woman realized that this man could help her.
- Father! Father! – she screamed, grabbing his legs. “Benefactor, at least calm my heart... Aniska, go, you vile one, see her off,” she shouted at the girl, angrily opening her mouth and with this movement showing off her long teeth even more.
“Show me off, show me off, I’ll... I’ll... I’ll do it,” Pierre said hastily in a breathless voice.
The dirty girl came out from behind the chest, tidied up her braid and, sighing, walked forward along the path with her blunt bare feet. Pierre seemed to suddenly come to life after a severe faint. He raised his head higher, his eyes lit up with the sparkle of life, and he quickly followed the girl, overtook her and went out onto Povarskaya. The entire street was covered in a cloud of black smoke. Tongues of flame burst out here and there from this cloud. A large crowd of people crowded in front of the fire. A French general stood in the middle of the street and said something to those around him. Pierre, accompanied by the girl, approached the place where the general stood; but French soldiers stopped him.
“On ne passe pas, [They don’t pass here,”] a voice shouted to him.
- Here, uncle! - said the girl. - We'll go through the Nikulins along the alley.
Pierre turned back and walked, occasionally jumping up to keep up with her. The girl ran across the street, turned left into an alley and, after passing three houses, turned right into the gate.
“Right here now,” said the girl, and, running through the yard, she opened the gate in the plank fence and, stopping, pointed to Pierre a small wooden outbuilding that burned brightly and hotly. One side of it collapsed, the other was burning, and the flames were shining brightly from under the window openings and from under the roof.
When Pierre entered the gate, he was overcome with heat, and he involuntarily stopped.
– Which, which is your house? - he asked.
- Oh oh oh! - the girl howled, pointing to the outbuilding. “He’s the one, she’s the one who was our Vatera.” You burned, my treasure, Katechka, my beloved young lady, oh, oh! - Aniska howled at the sight of the fire, feeling the need to express her feelings.
Pierre leaned towards the outbuilding, but the heat was so strong that he involuntarily described an arc around the outbuilding and found himself next to a large house, which was still burning only on one side of the roof and around which a crowd of French were swarming. Pierre at first did not understand what these French were doing, carrying something; but, seeing in front of him a Frenchman who was beating a peasant with a blunt cleaver, taking away his fox fur coat, Pierre vaguely understood that they were robbing here, but he had no time to dwell on this thought.
The sound of the crackling and roar of collapsing walls and ceilings, the whistle and hiss of flames and the animated cries of the people, the sight of wavering, now scowling thick black, now soaring lightening clouds of smoke with sparkles and sometimes solid, sheaf-shaped, red, sometimes scaly golden flame moving along the walls , the sensation of heat and smoke and the speed of movement produced on Pierre their usual stimulating effect of fires. This effect was especially strong on Pierre, because Pierre suddenly, at the sight of this fire, felt freed from the thoughts that were weighing him down. He felt young, cheerful, agile and determined. He ran around the outbuilding from the side of the house and was about to run to the part of it that was still standing, when a cry of several voices was heard above his head, followed by the cracking and ringing of something heavy that fell next to him.
Pierre looked around and saw the French in the windows of the house, who had thrown out a chest of drawers filled with some kind of metal things. Other French soldiers below approached the box.
“Eh bien, qu"est ce qu"il veut celui la, [This one still needs something," one of the French shouted at Pierre.
- Un enfant dans cette maison. N"avez vous pas vu un enfant? [A child in this house. Have you seen the child?] - said Pierre.
– Tiens, qu"est ce qu"il chante celui la? Va te promener, [What else is this interpreting? “Get to hell,” voices were heard, and one of the soldiers, apparently afraid that Pierre would take it into his head to take away the silver and bronze that were in the box, advanced threateningly towards him.
- Un enfant? - the Frenchman shouted from above. - J"ai entendu piailler quelque chose au jardin. Peut etre c"est sou moutard au bonhomme. Faut etre humain, voyez vous... [Child? I heard something squeaking in the garden. Maybe it's his child. Well, it is necessary according to humanity. We all people…]
– Ou est il? Ou est il? [Where is he? Where is he?] asked Pierre.
- Par ici! Par ici! [Here, here!] - the Frenchman shouted to him from the window, pointing to the garden that was behind the house. – Attendez, je vais descendre. [Wait, I'll get off now.]
And indeed, a minute later a Frenchman, a black-eyed fellow with some kind of spot on his cheek, in only his shirt, jumped out of the window of the lower floor and, slapping Pierre on the shoulder, ran with him into the garden.
“Depechez vous, vous autres,” he shouted to his comrades, “commence a faire chaud.” [Hey, you're more lively, it's starting to get hot.]
Running out behind the house onto a sand-strewn path, the Frenchman pulled Pierre's hand and pointed him towards the circle. Under the bench lay a three-year-old girl in a pink dress.
– Voila votre moutard. “Ah, une petite, tant mieux,” said the Frenchman. - Au revoir, mon gros. Faut être humaine. Nous sommes tous mortels, voyez vous, [Here is your child. Ah, girl, so much the better. Goodbye, fat man. Well, it is necessary according to humanity. All people,] - and the Frenchman with a spot on his cheek ran back to his comrades.

Old maps are always fascinating. There is something in them from medieval travels, sailing ships, the spirit of adventure and discovering new lands with their untouched wonders...

Middle Ages

The Turkish nautical handwritten map, executed in the traditions of medieval portolans, has outlines very similar to reality.

Another medieval map is more detailed, but schematic. If you look closely, in reality Evpatoria is not located there at all, just like the mountain ranges of Crimea. But for merchant seafarers it was quite enough.

Map from Altas BATTISTA AGNESE, PORTOLAN ATLAS Italy, ca. 1550 The outlines of the continents look very funny, reminiscent more of a fashion illustration than a map used for navigation. Although it was quite enough for training.

The nautical chart of 1559 makes it clear that the bays of the southern part of the peninsula from the Bakal Spit to Kazantip were used more for landings. Not surprising - the Arabat Spit, now beloved by us but little inhabited, could not provide either a pier or access to the mainland, and the entire north of the peninsula with its salt lakes was not relevant to foreign sailors.

Tavrika Chersonesos. Gerard Mercator. 1595 Illuminated engraving. Amsterdam, early 18th century. We again see Crimea stretching from west to east, completely covered with mountains. A beautiful drawing in its own way.

Illuminated engraving from the atlas of Jan Jansonius, 1630. Full map on click. Here, the oval peninsula with pseudopods of bays does not look like itself at all, but if this engraving could be used to sail to where you need to go, we have no right to judge medieval authors.

Gerard Mercator, Taurica Chersonesos or Khazaria, 1641, Amsterdam. Full map by clicking.

The fortress of Kaffa - present-day Feodosia - is especially highlighted. Caffa was the largest trading city of the Genoese on the Black Sea from the 13th to the 16th centuries, and the route there, as well as the coast of the entire Crimean Peninsula, along which ships sailed, had to be studied in detail.

Fragment of the map of Guillaume Levasseur de Beauplan, 1650 - Crimea at the top, because The map is oriented to the south. Here, despite its roundness, Crimea has at least the Arabat Spit. And in general, without airplanes and satellite images, it was difficult to draw the coast, most of which you can see from a ship on the horizon, or even sketch it from someone’s words.

17th century

Periplus of Pontus Euxine. Nicolas Sanson. Published by Peter Mortier. Illuminated engraving. Amsterdam, second half of the 17th - beginning of the 18th century. It's already detailed guide along the entire coast of the Black and Azov Seas.

18 century

Nautical chart of the Black Sea by Nicholas Witzen, governor of Amsterdam, personal friend of Peter I, made in the workshop of Tobias Lotter in the mid-18th century. There is absolutely nothing left of Crimea here - only bays and bays. Truth gives way to schematics and clarity, and there were reasons for this.

Crimea peninsula with border lands. [approx. 1 - 2,310,000]. [B.M., 1768-1774]. Here the Arabat Spit was no longer ignored and the general outlines of Crimea are more similar to the truth.

Crimea on the map of the Tauride region from the atlas of the mining school of 1792. Author A.M. Wilbrecht. There are a lot of small villages throughout the entire area of Crimea. Clickable. Almost all the names are Tatar; later, in the Russian Empire, a gradual renaming began.

Map of the Tauride Peninsula and nearby places, compiled according to the information of Greek writers of ancient and middle times. According to news, that is, from words! But the mountains are depicted only where they exist, and in general the map is no worse than any satellite image.

Map by Schmidt Original title Karte Tauriens oder der Halbinsel Krim und der Westlichen Nogayischen Tatarei. By Schmidt, Johann Friedrich. Compiled from 1730 to 1785. Publisher F. A. Schraembl, Franz Anton. 1787 I feel like the author overdid it with the names and neglected the form. So these were the priorities.

Map of parts of the Ekaterinoslav governorship and the Tauride region from the collection of maps for the journey of Her Imperial Majesty. 1787 Four years earlier, the empress signed the manifesto “On the acceptance of the Crimean peninsula, Taman island and the entire Kuban side under the Russian state”

As a result (8) on April 19, 1783, Catherine II’s manifesto on the annexation of Crimea to Russia was published. The manifesto was prepared by Prince Potemkin.

As a result (8) on April 19, 1783, Catherine II’s manifesto on the annexation of Crimea to Russia was published.

"Military topographic map peninsula of Crimea, compiled according to the latest astronomical observations, corrected and replenished from the best military surveys, the Retinue of His Imperial Majesty for the Quartermaster Unit by Major General Mukhin in 1816, by order of Mr. Adjutant General Prince Volkonsky 2nd during the management of His part" .

The map is the first map of Crimea, which was compiled on the basis of systematic topographic surveys. It represents fundamentally new level cartography in comparison with maps of the 18th century and can serve as an example of engraving art. The orography is especially well done. The surroundings of the Baydar Valley, the upper reaches of the river. Alma, the Yayla Mountains and almost the entire southern coast of Crimea, starting from Balaklava and Feodosia, are depicted with such striking relief that is not found on any other subsequent map of the Crimean peninsula.

General map of the Crimean peninsula. 1847 Clickable.

1854-1855 Sevastopol

Plan of the surrounding cities of Sevastopol, Kamysh and Balaklava in 1854 and 1855
Scale 750 fathoms in inch

During the Crimean War 1853-1856. Crimea was the main theater of military operations. During the war, Russian troops and residents of the city of Sevastopol under the leadership of admirals V.A. Kornilova, P.S. Nakhimova, V.I. Istomin defended the city for 11 months. The map shows the location of troops in the vicinity of Sevastopol.

Late 19th century

Map of the Tauride province by Yu.M. Shokalsky. Late 19th century.

Early 20th century

Southern Coast of Crimea. 1900

Western Crimea. Early 20th century.

Crimean peninsula. Post card. [SPb.: Cartographic establishment of A. Ilyin, after 1902].

Which card did you like best?

Archeology of Crimea

On the northern shores of the Black Sea, in particular in Crimea, land and sea roads have crossed since ancient times. Here the paths of the many-thousand-year history of mankind intricately intertwined, here various tribes and peoples formed, established their nomadic camps, settled, and mixed. It is no coincidence that there are so many archaeological sites in Crimea. Due to the abundance and diversity of material culture monuments, Crimea can serve as a kind of laboratory for studying human living conditions at different stages of its development.

From the traces of primitive man on South Coast There are many known finds. These are primitive flint tools, hunting camps and cave sites of Paleolithic, Mesolithic and Neolithic people, burial grounds of Gaspra, Koshka Mountains near Simeiz and others dating back to the Early Iron Age. The oldest human sites and settlements found on the Crimean land date back to the 4th-3rd millennium BC. The territory of the peninsula was then inhabited by tribes of the four main cultures of that time: Yamnaya, Kemiobin, Catacomb and Srubnaya. The tribes of the Yamnaya, Catacomb and Srubnaya cultures are named after the types of graves they left behind - simple pits, catacombs, log houses. As for the Kemi-Obins, they received their conventional name from the Kemi-Oba mound excavated in 1957 (near Belogorsk). Mounds are a very characteristic phenomenon for the southern Russian plain, Taman, the North Caucasus, the Lower Volga region and Crimea. In Crimea greatest number mounds are known on Kerch Peninsula and Tarkhankut. There are many of them in the central part of the peninsula, as well as in the foothills.

Since ancient times, mounds were burial places and consisted of a hemispherical mound of earth and stone. At the same time, they served as guard and observation posts, road signs, and landmarks. The Kemi-Oba mound consisted of two small mounds. Under each of these primary mounds, excavations revealed stone structures. One of them is hemispherical in shape, the other is 2m high and 5m in diameter - cone-shaped. Under both structures there were large burial boxes made of thick, carefully fitted oak trunks, processed with stone tools. Archaeologists have established that this burial dates back to the end of the 3rd millennium BC.

Another monument of the same culture is also interesting from an architectural point of view - the Kurban Bayram mound, excavated near Krasnoperekopsk. The mound reached 6m in height and 53m in diameter. Excavations have shown that the mound was the burial place of the noble “Kemi-Obin”, the leader of the tribe, in the Early Bronze Age - about 4 thousand years ago. On the tops of mounds of later times there were often statues - the so-called stone “women”. The rich burial mounds of the Scythian period on the Kerch Peninsula became famous throughout the world for their remarkable stone and earthen crypts of the most varied shapes. These are truly amazing works ancient architecture and art. An interesting mound was excavated in 1960 near Evpatoria: its “floors” are lined with large stone slabs.

On a small Kemiobin mound near the village of Kazanka near Bakhchisarai there stood an anthropomorphic (resembling a human figure) stele. The mounds of later mounds (2.5-2 thousand years BC) were faced with stones or wood, were dressed in stone shells, wore wide colored clay belts, and were surrounded by deep ditches. Their tops were often crowned with large vertical stones - menhirs, primitive sculptures of human figures. These large stone slabs, hewn in the form of a human figure, where the head, shoulders, and belt are highlighted, represented the first attempt to create an image of a person in the monumental art of the Black Sea region at the end of the 3rd millennium BC. The oldest signs and images found on the peninsula date back to the end of the 4th millennium BC. In 1935, on the right bank of the Kacha River, on the slope of Tash-Air, archaeologists discovered rock paintings stretching out in a ten-meter strip up to ½ m wide. Although these drawings turned out to be severely destroyed by nature, all that remained from them, in addition to shapeless spots, were three groups of images from 35 figures. This unique record of events from the life of the tribe living in the Kachi Valley is no less than 4.5 thousand years old. These drawings, carved on stone and tinted with ocher and plant juice, depict figures of armed and unarmed people, animals, carts...

The ancient Kemi-Obins left a monument testifying to the nature of their occupation - images of various agricultural implements and a team of oxen. This is the only story about Bronze Age agriculture that has survived to this day on a large limestone slab found 3 km from Simferopol. Its length is 107 cm, width 70 and thickness 15 cm. One feature of the Kemiobin funeral rite cannot be ignored. The Kemi-Obins, burying their dead in stone or wooden boxes, often painted the interior walls of the tombs with geometric patterns applied in red, black and white paint.

The most ancient people after the end of the Kemiobin culture who inhabited the Crimea and passed on their name to the centuries are the Cimmerians: they lived here at the turn of the 2nd and 1st millennium BC. and left behind many monuments. The ancient tradition calls the Taurians the main inhabitants of the mountainous Crimea. The remains of fortified shelters and residential buildings of the Tauri, their tombs (cromlechs) - ring-shaped fences made of vertically placed stones - have survived and been studied to this day. The accumulating archaeological material led to the identification of a special culture called Kizilkobinskaya - after the place of the first finds in the area of the Red Caves - Kizil-Koba. Its bearers lived in the same place as the Tauri - in the foothills, at about the same time - during the 1st millennium BC. They were engaged in agriculture and transhumance. However, there were significant differences in the culture of these peoples - for example, among the Kizil-Koba people, ceramics were decorated with geometric patterns, while among the Taurians it was absent. The funeral rites were also different. The Taurians buried their dead, judging by the burial grounds found, in small mounds, in catacomb-type graves, in an extended position on their backs, with their heads to the west; the second - in stone boxes, sprinkled with earth, in a crouched position on the side, with the head usually to the east. In the tombs of both, archaeologists found various tools - mostly stone and bone, because by this time people were still poor in metals. However, bronze-cast jewelry was found. Iron products were very rare.

The Taurus fortifications found are distinguished by their distinct originality: walls made of unprocessed stones, piled dry, sometimes with tower projections without internal chambers, adjoin the rocks, forming one whole with the mountain landscape. In the first half of the 5th century BC. on the shores of the Black Sea two independent Greek states. One of them is a democratic slave-owning republic - Chersonesus (Tauride Peninsula), which included the lands western Crimea(Kerkinitida - Evpatoria, Kalos-Limeni - Black Sea). Chersonesos is hidden behind powerful stone walls. It was founded on the site of a Taurus settlement by Greeks from Heraclea Pontus. The other is the Bosporan autocratic state, the capital of which was Panticapaeum (“the way of the fish”). The Acropolis of this city was located on Mount Mithridates, and nearby archaeologists excavated the famous mounds of Melek-Chesmensky and Tsarsky. Stone crypts, unique monuments of Bosporan architecture, were discovered inside these mounds.

Under the powerful onslaught of the Huns in the 4th century AD, the Goths, who then occupied the entire steppe Crimea, were forced to leave for the mountainous regions of Crimea, where they gradually mixed with the descendants of the Tauro-Scythians. TO historical monuments That period includes the so-called “cave cities” located in the Bakhchisarai region and in the Sevastopol area. The “cave cities” are easily accessible from Bakhchisarai. Their original names have been forgotten, their ruins have become covered with earth and overgrown with forest, and only caves, temples, staircases, and wells carved out of limestone today steadfastly resist the action of all-destroying time. Caves mysteriously gaping at the upper edge of limestone cliffs are a spectacular, memorable, but essentially purely external sign that mechanically united the settlements of the beginning of the millennium and the Middle Ages. Among them, small-sized fortifications predominate - feudal fortresses-castles: Bakala, Tepe-Kermen, Kyz-Kule, Kalamita, Suren fortress; This also includes the monasteries - Uspensky, Shuldan, Chelter.

So, we got acquainted with some materials from excavations and archaeological research. These, of course, are not all the secrets that mounds, ancient sites, tombs, and cave cities have revealed to archaeologists. Each new discovery adds one more touch, one more fact to the history of mankind. The Crimean peninsula, in a figurative expression, is “ natural museum, keeping the secrets of thousands of years." And today there is still Tavrida, its history has not been fully studied. And today Crimea can still be called terra incognita (unknown land). We can say with confidence that there is no land in the whole world that would be so saturated with monuments of all times and so many peoples!

Source: crimea.ru

To the Crimean archaeological sources of medieval times, as noted by A.I. Dombrovsky, belong to different times, not identical in terms of fortification, and therefore functionally different fortifications. The remains of numerous settlements and burial grounds, traces of past agricultural terracing of long-forested mountain slopes, terrace crepides and ancient paths hidden in the mountains, abandoned pottery water pipelines, irrigation ditches that are now not in use, fountains, wells, medieval quarries, ore smelters and pottery kilns have not yet been sufficiently explored. etc.

The sacristan population of the peninsula, of course, could not coexist peacefully for long periods of time. Intercommunal conflicts, in particular, are evidenced by numerous - different, although synchronous - defense systems: shelters near open settlements are fortified, but not populated in peacetime; villages surrounded by walls; places of temporary stay in mountain caves. There are also simple, small-sized dwellings standing next to each other on mountain heights; Villages with houses in the form of small towers were planned in a hundred-like manner, which turned the farmer's estate into a kind of fortress. The strata of cultural layers and the stratigraphy of construction remains indicate long-term and constant use by the population of all points of the above categories.

The choice of places to live and differences in lifestyle are determined primarily by the age-related habit of certain newcomer groups of the population to certain forms of economic activity, which could develop in specific conditions of natural habitat. This includes transhumance in the mountains, hunting combined with beekeeping, collecting gifts of nature, and “chairne” farming on small plots of land cleared of forest, farming in valleys and gardening on low watersheds, viticulture on the southern slopes of the mountains and fishing. , small rural crafts and the like.

The study of archaeological monuments left by bearers of different archaeological cultures should begin with the Byzantine - VIII-X centuries. their appearance was facilitated by mass migration during the period of iconoclasm. At this time, slab burial grounds appeared, in the area of which burials were carried out according to Christian custom - stretched out on the back, head to the west; Pectoral crosses were found in some graves. At the same time, throughout the territory Southern Crimea Rural settlements and fortified monasteries appeared with materials of provincial Byzantine culture (round-bottomed red clay amphorae, Byzantine bilogged dishes - painted oinochoes and flasks, small flat-bottomed pithos, various pots). Later, the forms of amphorae change.

The area of settlements and the number of buildings in them are quite significant. On the ground side, the settlements were surrounded by fences about 3 m wide, but on the territory itself the structures were placed haphazardly. The most famous attraction of that time is Ayu-Dag - a village located on the top of a forested mountain. Two types of houses were built here - single-chamber and pentatist houses, the sizes of which were twice the previous ones. There was a temple in the center of the settlement.

Simultaneously with rural, small-sized, single-nave basilicas, in the era of iconoclasm, three-nave and three-apse basilicas of much larger sizes appeared. The activity of monastic immigration also spread in the mountainous regions, where a significant group of cave monasteries appeared, the nature of the development close to the so-called “cave cities” (Fig. 27).

Such cities are called a unique group of monuments (fortifications, monasteries, villages) located in the foothills of the peninsula. Their characteristic feature is various premises carved into the rock for economic, military, residential and religious purposes. The remains of above-ground buildings are now covered with soil and vegetation. Fortified settlements often reached significant sizes (about 10 hectares), as was typical for those times. Part of their area was undeveloped and was probably intended to protect the surrounding rural population during enemy attacks or trades.

Rice. 27. "Cave city" Chufut-Kale near Bakhchisarai

Two of them - Eski-Kermen and Chufut-Kale - located near Bakhchisarai. The first arose in the V-VI centuries. and existed until the end of the 13th century. The defensive walls, made of stone, were about 2 m thick. They were adjacent to towers carved into rocky ledges. The city had many stone buildings and about 400 caves, as well as church buildings. During the excavations, streets and grain pits carved into the rock, a deep well, a water supply system and the remains of craft workshops were discovered. The population was engaged in agriculture, cattle breeding, viticulture, crafts and trade.

One of the most “cave cities” was Chufut-Kale. It is surrounded by impressive stone walls with arched gates. It arose, like others, in the V-VI centuries. Many cave complexes, a deep well and other structures were discovered on its territory. Later, the Tatars ruled over a mint and a prison for prisoners and hostages, and became a center of crafts and trade. A large burial ground was discovered not far from the city.

The settlements of the early Bulgarians of the 7th-10th centuries, discovered in different parts of the peninsula, can be divided into two chronological groups, the “watershed” between which was the middle of the 8th century. The earliest and most typical settlements include the Tau-Kipchak settlements, where buildings with stone walls were placed in five “kushama”. Each of them included similar structures, grouped two or three together. The distance between individual groups reached 10-25 m. Inside, only one room had a fireplace (that is, it was residential), the rest performed household functions.

The Khazaro-Bulgarians, having come to Taurica, brought with them a characteristic type of housing - a half-dugout with a domed roof. But, having become acquainted with developed stone construction, they began to build above-ground structures. Dry masonry of the walls in a herringbone pattern was also characteristic of this circle of monuments. The ceramic complex consisted of local and imported amphoras, pots and mugs different types. Modeled ceramics in their mass are made on a potter's wheel. A large number of agricultural implements were discovered. During the second of the mentioned periods, material culture in its main indicators did not undergo changes. Early Bulgarian culture disappeared in the middle of the 10th century. due to the Khazar-Byzantine wars. Later, a new ethnocultural community began to form here.

In the first centuries of the 2nd millennium AD, most of the settlements of Taurica were characterized by the following features: buildings, as a rule, are located on rocky or very steep terrain, unsuitable for cultivation. The floodplain of the river or the flat part of the irrigation valley is used only for gardening or crops. This feature is also characteristic of the Baydar Valley, where settlements located around it on the mountain spurs have been recorded. Other types of mountain settlements are also known, the residential and economic buildings of which were built directly on earthen terraces with retaining walls or fields divided into sections by stone fences.

Among the settlements of the XII-XIV centuries. There are three main types of planning, which are well documented in the Laspi tract near Yalta. First of all, this is the village of Haspio with a porous structure, consisting of more than 30 terraces that descended to the sea. They were fortified with stone crepides, on which stood the walls dividing the terraces. A residential tower, utility rooms, and a barn for small livestock adjoined the walls of each such center. All settlements used water supplied from one water supply system, built from pottery pipes (Fig. 28).

Later, another settlement appeared - Shaburla. Relatively regular rows of buildings here were located on long terraces. These structures were built at a considerable distance from each other. Large pithoi were dug in to store water near dwellings far from sources. The third large settlement - Primorskoye - is located on the opposite side of the mentioned stream. The buildings here were erected haphazardly (this is due to the terrain) and differed from the previous ones in many respects. The courtyards were fenced, and winding streets ran between them.

The cities of medieval Crimea were rich and rich in monuments. One of them is Sudak (Byzantine Sugdea, Italian Soldaya, Old Russian Surozh), whose defensive walls with 26 towers (built at different times) and a barbican cover two tiers of mountains and protect the approaches to the port. The total area of the fortress is about 60 hectares. At an early stage (VI - first half of the 8th century) the city was an ordinary seaside fortress, in the very high point which housed the Byzantine garrison. A lighthouse was built nearby, which functioned until the 17th century. Next to the fortifications there was also a Byzantine customs house (more than 500 lead seals were found) (Fig. 29).

The Khazar period (second half of the 8th-10th centuries) is characterized by the decline of this coastal center, especially its port part. But in the middle of the 9th century. A defensive wall is being built, made of blocks using typical Khazar defensive technology. And no signs of urban development from these times were found, and the fortifications themselves served solely to protect the soldiers.

Rice.

Rice. 29. Reconstruction of the perimeter of the Sudak fortress (according to I. A. Baranov)

The formation of city blocks and the creation of a unified system of defensive structures began after the defeat of the Kaganate, when part of Taurica again became part of the Byzantine Empire. The fleet and shipyards were transferred to Sugdea from Kherson-Korsun. During this period, the city was built up with two-story buildings, and defensive walls divided it into five zones. The dominant feature of the city remains the castle, to which the aristocratic part adjoined. During this period the city reaches its greatest size.

The situation worsened significantly in the second half of the 13th - first half of the 14th century, after Sugdeya became part of the Crimean ulus of the Golden Horde: the defensive structures of the Lower City were completely dismantled, and workshops appeared in their place. The city (already Soldaya) experienced some recovery after coming under the jurisdiction of Genoa in 1380. However, in 1475 it was destroyed by the Turks.

Medieval Chersonese (Kherson, Korsun) was inherited by Byzantium from the Roman Empire. This city, as a large craft and cultural center of the Crimean Peninsula, served as the empire's mediator in sea and land trade with the Northern Black Sea region and Kievan Rus. The power of Byzantium in Taurica was not complete and, in fact, only Chersonesus remained here as its stronghold in the economic and political struggle for the Northern Black Sea region. In turn, the empire defended the city from nomads and other attackers. The population gravitated towards Chersonese, which explains the accumulation of agricultural settlements, and then large feudal lands near the city or on the approaches to it (Fig. 30).

An idea of Chersonesos as a medieval city is given by excavations in the eastern region and the northern shore, where residential areas have been discovered. Defensive structures (walls and towers) in the port and other parts of the city indicate a constant military threat to its inhabitants. In the immediate vicinity of the city walls, the remains of various public buildings, large cisterns of one of the city’s water pipelines and thermal baths from the 10th century were discovered. All this testifies to the high level of urban planning culture and civility of the population.

The medieval city was built on the ruins of the ancient one, repeating its regular layout. Only the layout of households within the blocks changed, estates were rebuilt, but the layout of the streets remained the same. In the X-XII centuries. It became possible to significantly streamline urban planning, thanks to which the center acquires the character of an integral architectural ensemble. The main street ran from east to west; on both sides of it there were two-story houses, huddled together. The lower floors of most of them housed shops. The facades, with the exception of the homes of the richest owners, were designed quite simply.

Rice. 30. Manor of medieval Chersonesos with a chapel-tomb in the foreground (reconstruction by A. L. Yakobson)

The main city thoroughfare, dividing it into almost equal parts, was crossed perpendicularly by transverse streets, and longitudinal ones ran parallel to it. The main street opened onto the square where the temple stood. Closely built-up residential areas were located on both sides of it and terraced down to the sea and the harbor.

Monumental architecture is represented in Chersonesos by religious buildings. Basilicas, cross-domed churches, and small chapels were erected in almost every quarter and largely determined the architectural appearance of the city. In particular, the eastern part of Chersonesos contains the so-called Uvarov Basilica. Judging by its location, size and arrangement, it could be the cathedral where Prince Vladimir Svyatoslavich and Princess Anna were married (and also baptized). Together with other sacred buildings, this temple complex occupied an entire block.

The strong fortifications are not distinguished by any original architectural solutions, although they were executed at a high level for their time. The remains of ancient structures were also used during construction. Of particular interest is the so-called Zeno Tower, erected above the port at the southern end of the defensive line.

At the end of the 13th century. and so the dilapidated Chersonesus was attacked by the Horde of Nogai and after that gradually fell into decay.

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