: This is where the leading architects of Russia lived and worked. However, they also built buildings in other cities. 10 buildings of the Russian hinterland from architects of the first magnitude - in the selection of the portal "Culture.RF".

Cathedral of the Nativity of the Blessed Virgin Mary in Rostov-on-Don

Cathedral of the Nativity of the Blessed Virgin Mary. Architect Konstantin Ton. 1854–1860. Photo: Dmitry Artemyev / Wikipedia

In the middle of the 19th century, Konstantin Ton was one of the most famous Russian architects. He worked mainly in Moscow and St. Petersburg, but among his works there are also buildings in other cities. In 1854–1860, according to Ton’s standard design, a temple was erected in Rostov-on-Don. The five-domed church in the neo-Byzantine style is very similar to the architect’s other buildings - the Moscow Cathedral of Christ the Savior, as well as the unpreserved Vvedensky Cathedral in St. Petersburg and the Svyatodukhovsky Cathedral in Petrozavodsk.

The temple was built with the money of local merchants. Konstantin Ton himself did not participate in the construction of the Rostov cathedral - the work was led by the architect Alexander Kutepov, and the 75-meter bell tower was later built by Anton Campioni. During Soviet times, a zoo operated on the territory of the temple, and a warehouse was located in the church itself.

Rukavishnikov Bank in Nizhny Novgorod

The building of the former apartment building of the Rukavishnikovs. Architect Fyodor Shekhtel. 1911–1913. Photo: Igor Lijashkov / photobank “Lori”

Fyodor Shekhtel designed Moscow buildings in the Art Nouveau style: the Ryabushinsky mansion, the mansion on Spiridonovka and others. And in Nizhny Novgorod he designed a banking complex and an apartment building. His customers were the Rukavishnikovs, representatives of one of the richest local dynasties.

Shekhtel decorated the facade of the building with white glazed tiles from Villeroy Bosh and floral patterns. Another metropolitan master, Sergei Konenkov, participated in the creation of the sculptural design. He created cast iron figures of a man and a woman placed above the entrance, symbolizing the union of industry and agriculture. There were shops on the ground floor of the building, and branches of the Russian Commercial and Industrial Bank on the second and third floors.

Spassky Old Fair Cathedral in Nizhny Novgorod

The creator of St. Isaac's Cathedral in St. Petersburg, Auguste Montferrand, also influenced the formation of the architectural appearance of Nizhny Novgorod. In 1818–1822, he built the five-domed Spassky Old Fair Cathedral here in the classicist style. Montferrand's co-author was the famous engineer Augustin Betancourt.

The iconostasis for the church was made by the Italian artist Torricelli. It was decorated with paintings according to the canons of European art: some of the characters had parts of their bodies exposed. This greatly embarrassed the local God-fearing merchants, many of them even took their icons to the temple and prayed only to them. It was decided to order a new iconostasis - it was created for the Old Fair Church by the architect Vasily Stasov.

Boris and Gleb Monastery in Torzhok

Boris and Gleb Monastery. Architect Nikolay Lvov. 1785–1796. Photo: Alexander Shchepin / photobank “Lori”

The Boris and Gleb Cathedral of the monastery of the same name in Torzhok was built according to the design of Nikolai Lvov in 1796 on the site of a destroyed old temple. The first bricks of its foundation were laid personally by Catherine II. The construction was led by local architect Franz Butzi. The domes of the five-domed Boris and Gleb Cathedral are crowned with gilded balls with openwork crosses; the altar for it was built in the form of a rotunda. According to researchers, the monastery gate church-bell tower was also built according to Lvov’s design.

Gorodnya estate in Kaluga region

The Kaluga estate of Natalya Golitsyna, the famous “mustachioed princess” who became the prototype of Pushkin’s Queen of Spades, was built according to the design of Andrei Voronikhin. In the 1790s, he was still a young architect, having just received his freedom from Count Stroganov. Voronikhin continued to carry out orders from the count and his relatives, and Pavel Stroganov was married to the princess’s daughter.

For Natalya Golitsyna, the young architect built a modest but elegant two-story building in which ceremonial receptions were to be held. On either side of it, two symmetrical residential wings were erected. An English park was laid out around the house, but it has not survived to this day. The interiors of the estate were also completely destroyed - during the war. What the interior decor looked like can only be determined from a few surviving photographs.

Church of the Resurrection in Pochep

Temple of the Resurrection. Architect Antonio Rinaldi. Photo: Eleonora Lukina / photobank “Lori”

The Resurrection Cathedral in the Russian Baroque style and the four-tiered bell tower were built by decree of the last Ukrainian hetman Kirill Razumovsky. It was previously believed that the author of the project was the architect Jean Baptiste Vallin-Delamot. However, later researchers began to be inclined to believe that it was built by Antonio Rinaldi, and the iconostasis of the cathedral was created by Francesco Bartolomeo Rastrelli. Originally the church was part palace ensemble, but the building of the manor house and the park were destroyed during the Great Patriotic War. During Soviet times, the temple was closed, but today services are held there again.

Irkutsk Academic Drama Theater

Irkutsk Academic Drama Theatre. Architect Victor Shroter. 1894–1897. Photo: Mikhail Markovsky / photobank “Lori”

Victor Schröter was the chief architect of the Directorate of Imperial Theaters, so new theater buildings based on his designs were built not only in the capital, but also in the provinces. In 1897 he built a drama theater in Irkutsk at the expense of local merchants. Schröter built a small functional building for 800 people. Externally, it stood out among other city buildings in that its walls were not plastered - they were simply brick. The theater amazed contemporaries not only with its innovative appearance and elegant decoration, but also technical equipment and impeccable acoustics.

Palace ensemble in Bogoroditsk

Palace ensemble in Bogoroditsk. Architect Ivan Starov. Photo: Natalya Ilyukhina / photobank “Lori”

Architect Ivan Starov built many country estates - mainly on the outskirts of St. Petersburg. In 1773, according to his design, a country palace was erected in the Tula region, which was ordered by Catherine II. In letters to Voltaire, she called Bogoroditsk a “pure flower garden.”

A two-story house with a belvedere - a turret above the roof of the building - was erected on the banks of the Upertaya River. In 1774, according to the design of Ivan Starov, a small single-domed Kazan Church was founded next to it. During the Great Patriotic War, Bogoroditsk was almost completely destroyed, and the once brilliant palace turned into ruins. The building was restored in the 1960s and 70s, and today it houses

Prince Mikhail Golitsyn

Stackenschneider built a neo-Baroque palace with Corinthian columns. The roof of the building was framed by a balustrade - figured railings. The inside of the building looked as majestic as the outside: in the 19th century, the best balls in the city were held in its halls. During Soviet times, the building housed the local history museum, which is still located there.

Church of the Transfiguration in the village of Krasnoye

Church of the Transfiguration in the village of Krasnoye. Architect Yuri Felten. Photo: Elena Solodovnikova / photobank “Lori”

The Transfiguration Church in the village of Krasnoye was built in 1787–1780; it was an almost exact copy of the Chesme Church of Yuri Felten. Probably, this decision was made by the owners of the Krasnoye Poltoratsky estate in order to attract the attention of Catherine II and earn her favor. The main difference from the St. Petersburg church was the yellow color in which the walls of the Gothic church were painted - the Chesme Church was red. During Soviet times, the temple was closed and until 1998 it was used as a warehouse. Today services are held in the church again.

Architecture of Russia of the 18th century (except Moscow), projects of residential and public buildings

The 18th century is very significant in Russian architecture. In it, three directions can be distinguished, which gradually replace each other, this and classicism. During this period of time, many new cities appeared, new buildings were recognized historical monuments and which can still be seen today.

Painting “View of St. Petersburg on the day of celebration of the city’s 100th anniversary” Benjamin Paterson. Canvas, oil. 66.5x100 cm. Sweden. Around 1803

The main construction takes place in St. Petersburg. This was connected with the start of the Northern War against Sweden, which began in order to liberate the Neva banks. Many military structures were built then, and the main one was the Peter and Paul Fortress. Closer to the south, facing the fortress, they built the Admiralty - a shipbuilding shipyard-fortress, not only engineers worked on their creation, but also Peter the Great himself. At first, settlements were built as peasant huts and city mansions, rarely painted to resemble bricks. To better understand what it looked like, you can look at the log house of Peter the Great on the Neva.

The Peter and Paul Cathedral was built in 1712-1733 (architect Domenico Trezzini) on the site of the wooden church of the same name (1703-1704)..

Wooden Peter and Paul Cathedral, antique carving

Although people were forced to move to St. Petersburg, construction still proceeded very slowly. Then the architects were given special tasks: the city had to become modern, and not only be architecturally designed, but also be comfortable in its layout.

The 18th century began with great transformations, the culprit of which was Peter the Great. During this time, socio-economic and architectural changes occurred in many Russian cities. At this time, industry began to actively develop, workers' settlements and public buildings appeared. Until this time, special attention was paid to churches and royal residences, but now more attention is paid to the appearance of ordinary buildings, theaters, embankments, schools and hospitals. They forgot about wood as a building material and replaced it with brick. To begin with, this material was used only in the capital, and in other cities of Russia neither brick nor stone was visible.

Peter the Great founded a special commission, which will now be engaged in designing not only the capital, but also all major cities. Church construction is moving aside, leaving space for civil buildings. Now the main emphasis is placed not on the appearance of houses, but on general form cities, houses stretch along the streets with uniform facades, buildings are made less dense in order to protect against the danger of fires, for aesthetic purposes, street roads are equipped with lanterns, streets are landscaped. All this was clearly influenced by the west and Perth the First, which issued many decrees regarding urban planning, which reached the scale of revolution. Behind short term Russia has come close to Europe in terms of urban development.

The main event in the history of architecture is the construction of St. Petersburg. After this, other cities actively began to change, Peter the Great invited architects from the West, and Russian masters went to Europe for internships.

After some time, architects from a variety of schools gathered in the capital; new buildings combined Russian traditions, Italian, Dutch, French and so on. Also, the architecture of St. Petersburg becomes special thanks to the use of new building materials; the houses were either brick or mud hut, the plaster was used in two colors: red (brown) and white.

In 1710, by decree of Peter the Great, the development of the Gulf of Finland began, famous palace and park ensembles. In 1725, the two-story Nagorny Palace appeared, later it was rebuilt and expanded, the work was supervised by Rastrelli himself. At the same time, a small palace was built for Peter on the shore of the bay; it consisted of a state hall and several other rooms; it was the Monplaisir Palace.

Peterhof - view of the park from the palace, 1907, old postcard

Visitors Rastrelli, Schedel, Leblon, Trezzini and others promise to make a great contribution to architecture. It is worth noting that when they just started creating in Russia, they clearly followed their previous experience, creating according to the European analogue, but after some time, they were influenced by Russian culture and this greatly affected their work.

The first third of the 18th century was marked as the Baroque period. The buildings of this time were distinguished by a combination of the incongruous, contrast and pomp, reality and illusion. In 1703-1704 In St. Petersburg, construction began on the Peter and Paul Fortress and the Admiralty. Peter had high hopes for the architects and monitors the execution of the work very strictly. The resulting style with luxurious palaces, churches, museums and theaters were called Russian Baroque (Baroque of the Petrine era).

Panoramic view of the arrow Vasilyevsky Island in St. Petersburg, executed by J. A. Atkinson in the period 1805-1807. Signature (English, French): "Sheet 4. Exchange and warehouse. New exchange. Fortress of St. Peter and St. Paul."

During this time, Petropavlovsk was built by itself, summer palace, Kunstkamera, building of the Twelve Collegiums, Menshikov Palace. A large number of churches appeared in Moscow, all of them were decorated with Baroque elements. The Peter and Paul Cathedral in Kazan became quite an important object at that time.

By the middle of the 18th century, Russia lost Peter the Great, this was a great loss for the state and for all people, but as for urban planning and architecture, there were no significant changes after his departure. The country had very strong masters, because many of them were trained abroad, the most famous and in demand at that time were Blank, Michurin, Usov, Zemtsov, etc. Buildings in the Rococo style began to appear, that is, combining Baroque and Classicism at the same time. Buildings become more confident and elegant. Rococo manifests itself not only in external details, but also in the interior. Outside, as well as inside, the buildings are pompous, but at the same time strict.

At this time, Elizabeth, the daughter of Peter, had just begun to rule, and she assigned a lot of work to Rastrelli the younger. He grew up in the conditions of Russian culture, and therefore his works noted brilliance and luxury along with the Russian character. Together with Kvasov, Chevakinsky and Ukhtomsky, they created monuments of Russian architecture. Rastrelli created dome compositions throughout Russia, and was not limited to Moscow or St. Petersburg; they increasingly replaced spire-shaped details. Russian history no longer remembers anything like such chic and bulky Russian ensembles. But, despite a large number of fans of Rastrelli, his style was quickly replaced by the next one - classicism. During this period, the plan of St. Petersburg completely changed and Moscow was redeveloped.

The last third of the 18th century was occupied by a new direction in architecture - Russian classicism. By the end of the century, classicism had become a stable movement in art. It is characterized by strict forms with antique elements, the absence of unnecessary details, luxury, and rational designs. Most of these buildings can be seen in Moscow, but this does not mean that they were not there in other cities. The most striking examples for Moscow were the Razumovsky Palace, the Golitsyn House, the Tsaritsyn Complex, the Senate building and the Pashkov House. In St. Petersburg, it is worth noting the Academy of Sciences, the Hermitage Theater, the Hermitage itself, the Marble Palace, the Tauride Palace. The most famous architects of that time were Ukhtomsky, Bazhenov and Kazakov.

The Marble Palace was built in 1768-1785 according to the design of the architect Antonio Rinaldi in the classicism style, commissioned by Empress Catherine for her favorite Count G. G. Orlov. The Marble Palace is the first building in St. Petersburg whose facades are lined with natural stone. Lithograph by Joseph Charlemagne (1782-1861)

Classicism is a style that develops by borrowing forms, patterns and compositions from the ancient world and the Italian Renaissance. Buildings appear with regular shapes and areas, logical, symmetrical, rational, there is rigor and harmony in everything, the order tectonic system is actively used. Many customers could not afford any more Baroque houses, now came the period of peasants and merchants with less economic opportunity.

Thanks to the economic and social situation in the country, domestic and foreign markets began to actively develop, allowing for the expansion of industrial and handicraft industries. There was a need for government and private buildings: chambers of commerce, guest houses, markets, fairs, warehouses. Unique buildings for that period also appeared: banks and exchanges.

Public buildings began to appear in all cities: schools, gymnasiums, institutes, hospitals, prisons, barracks, boarding houses and libraries. The cities grew rapidly, so there was no more funding for Baroque houses and there were not enough craftsmen for this.

In 1762, a commission was founded on issues of stone construction in St. Petersburg and Moscow. It was created to regulate and supervise urban planning. The commission existed until 1796, it included Kvasov, Starov, Lem and other great architects. The main factors were land and water highways, borders between cities, trading floors and administrative buildings. The city had a clear rectangular layout. The height of the streets had clear restrictions, there were patterns that had to be followed, and houses had to be located at a minimum distance from each other. Architectural solutions were enlivened by figured window frames.

In the provincial cities of Russia, buildings were not built higher than 1-2 floors, while in St. Petersburg one could see 3- and 4-story buildings. Kvasov developed a project according to which the territory of the Fontanka embankment was improved; it soon turned into an arc-forming highway.

The most striking example of classicism can be called “Pleasure Houses” in Oranienbaum; now it no longer exists, so it can only be seen on the pages of books and textbooks. Kokorin worked on this building, and Vista at that time built the Botny House in the Peter and Paul Fortress.

As for provincial cities, the art of the 18th century left its mark on Tsarskoye Selo, Yaroslavl, Kostroma, Nizhny Novgorod, Arkhangelsk, Odoev Bogoroditsky, etc. After this period, Petrozavodsk, Yekaterinburg, Taganrog, etc. began to actively develop, they paid great attention to the industry and economy of the entire state.

On this topic:

“Architecture of Russia in the 18th century” - “Tsentrnauchfilm” (00:26:26 color) Director - A. Tsineman

In the seventeenth century, the seven-hundred-year period of great ancient Russian stone construction ended. Subsequently, it will fit into more than one fascinating page in the chronicle of world architecture. And already Russian architecture of the 18th century will become famous for a number of innovations in art and construction. These changes were mainly due to the weighty demands of the government. First of all, the architecture of the 18th century in Russia had to express all the power, strength and grandeur of a huge empire in the form of architectural structures.

With political and economic development Russia is also facing new requirements for urban planning. Conventionally, all Russian architecture of the 18th century can be represented mainly by several architectural trends. This is primarily Baroque and Rococo, and, of course, classicism.

Russian architecture of the 18th century: main styles

According to the definition " baroque“is a unique direction in painting and art, the distinctive features of which are extraordinary splendor, a peculiar contrast, as well as a special combination of the real and the illusory. Recognized masters of the 18th century in the Baroque style were considered Trezzini, Schlüter, Michetti, Zemtsov, Rastrelli, Chevansky and Ukhtomsky. It was in their works that the architecture of the 18th century in Russia was most clearly expressed; their names will forever remain in the history of the great power.

The most significant contribution to the treasury of world and Russian architecture was the renovation of St. Petersburg. Among the variety of architectural structures of that time, the most impressive were: Winter Palace, the Stroganov Palace, as well as the Smolny Monastery and Tsarskoye Selo. Petersburg could safely be called cultural capital that time. After all, it’s there Russian architecture of the 18th century was large-scale. Unlike Moscow and all other cities of Russia, the construction of religious buildings was practically not carried out in St. Petersburg - they were erected only in cases of extreme necessity.

Architecture in Russia of the 18th century, in particular in the second half, begins to transform significantly. Decorative baroque and prim rococo were replaced by an architectural and artistic style - classicism. It quickly established itself not only in St. Petersburg and Moscow, but also spread throughout the country.

Classicism in Russia

Classicism(in translation from Latin - exemplary) - an artistic style created by a laconic combination of forms, samples and compositions of the art of the ancient world and a masterpiece of the Italian Renaissance.

The architecture of the 18th century in Russia was also formed in the capable hands of such famous founders of Russian classicism as: V. I. Bazhenov, A. F. Kokorinov, M. F. Kazakov, I. E. Starov. Talented architects erected beautiful monuments that contained both classical architectural principles and elements of world classics, and also clearly traced the traditions of Russian architectural heritage. The architectural structures of these architects are distinguished by their characteristic simplicity and rigor, as well as rationality.

18th century architecture in Russia became famous for the following creations of the architecture of early Russian classicism: St. Petersburg Academy of Arts, works by V. I. Bazhenov in Moscow - Pashkov's built house and the unrealized project of the majestic Kremlin Palace in Tsaritsyn; Golitsyn Hospital, Moscow Senate in the Kremlin, and Tauride Palace in St. Petersburg I. E. Starova and others.

The progressive traditions of Russian architecture of the 18th century were of great importance for the practice of later architecture. Every year the architecture was transformed, but some features of Russian architecture developed over the coming centuries, maintaining traditions and sustainability until the 20th century.

Russian architecture still has a long way to go. Let's go back to the roots - the first Russian architects, who by their example proved that Russian architecture existed, exists and, hopefully, will exist in the future. After all, the Russian expanses are a huge field for activity.

Fyodor Kon (1540-1606)

Smolensk Fortress. Tower. XVI-XVII centuries

In fact, the first Russian architect-builder of fortresses. Being the son of a peasant, he fled to Europe, where he received an excellent private education. Then he worked in France, Belgium, Denmark, Poland, Italy, where he established himself as an excellent craftsman. Fyodor, who returned to Rus', was naturally put in prison, but was soon released and allowed to create. For a couple of years he built shops and sheds, and then suddenly received an order to build walls White City in Moscow. And then off we went - the walls of the Boldinsky, Pafnutyevo-Borovsky and Simonov monasteries, as well as the pearl of Russian architecture - the Smolensk Kremlin. The main “trick” of the Horse was the combination of convenience, strength and beauty - so he decorated purely defensive towers with kokoshniks and patterns.

And yes, the nickname Horse perfectly characterized Fedor: he was tall, strong and hardworking.

Dmitry Ukhtomsky (1719-1774)

Bell tower of the Trinity-Sergius Lavra, 1741 – 1768

An incredibly prolific representative of the Rurikovich family, Ukhtomsky is considered one of the most brilliant Russian architects who worked in the Elizabethan Baroque style. A boy from an impoverished princely family was sent to Moscow, where he quickly mastered engineering and art history. Starting with a little practice, he soon built triumphal arches (including the famous Red Gate) and pavilions in honor of the coronation of Elizabeth Petrovna. For her and, according to rumors, her favorite Stepan Apraksin, the famous dresser house was built on Pokrovka, considered one of the most interesting buildings capital Cities. Ukhtomsky owns the design of the tallest bell tower in Russia, built in the Trinity-Sergius Lavra.

In 1745 he became the chief architect of Moscow and led his own “team”. The prince also developed the first general plan of Moscow, restored the Kremlin and opened the country's first architectural school.

Vasily Bazhenov (1737-1799)

Pashkov's house. 1784 - 1786

Relatively little is known about one of the most famous Russian architects, and the authorship of most of his projects is not documented. As a boy, Bazhenov was noticed by the famous architect Ukhtomsky at whose school he studied. Then traditional practice in Europe and a triumphant return home. Being a narcissistic perfectionist, he often did not see eye to eye with the powers that be. Thus, having received orders for the reconstruction of the Kremlin and the construction of the Tsaritsyno royal residence, he never completed these projects, and due to a conflict with Catherine II, he was even dismissed from service. Not many of Bazhenov’s buildings have reached us, but each of them is a true masterpiece: the Pashkov House and the Great Tsaritsyn Bridge in Moscow, the Mikhailovsky Palace in St. Petersburg, etc.

Petrovsky Travel Palace, 1776-1780s. An example of Russian neo-Gothic architecture.

The buildings of the most famous Russian architect are scattered throughout almost the entire historical part of Moscow. From the Senate in the Kremlin to the Petrovsky Travel Palace in the Dynamo metro area. As a student of Bazhenov, Matvey Kazakov adopted his teacher’s love of pseudo-Gothic, but most of all he gravitated towards strict symmetry and classicism. Combining both ideas into one, he rebuilt Tsaritsyno and erected dozens of unique buildings in completely opposite styles. And this despite the fact that the architect never left Russia and could only admire the masterpieces of European architects from pictures. Many of the architect’s buildings have not survived to this day, but Matvey Fedorovich’s style once determined the appearance of the so-called “Cossack Moscow.”

The prominent architect met his death in Ryazan in 1812. Upon learning that the fire had destroyed his beloved city, Kazakov became ill and died.

Osip Bove (1784-1834)

Moscow triumphal gates, 1829 – 1834. in honor of the victory of the Russian people in the Patriotic War of 1812.

The first “non-Russian” architect on our list is an architect. However, in spirit Osip, born Giuseppe, was a worthy son of Russia. Born into the family of a Neapolitan artist, he became involved in art early. During World War II, he participated in the Moscow militia, and after the fire, Beauvais was assigned to restore the central part of the city northwest of the Kremlin. Not surprisingly, the authorities soon noticed his talent and entrusted the Italian with “facade work” to restore the Mother See. It was thanks to him that Moscow acquired the appearance of a European city with colonnades of mansions in the classicist style, squares, monuments and public gardens. His best projects include the First City Hospital complex, Manege and Alexander Garden.

Fyodor Shekhtel (1859-1926)

The most famous monument of Moscow Art Nouveau, built in 1902 for millionaire Sergei Ryabushinsky.

Muscovites owe the best examples of Moscow modernism to this man. German by birth, Franz Albert converted to Orthodoxy at the age of ten and literally fell in love with Russian culture. No wonder it was he who built houses for prominent Old Believers who loved comfort combined with traditional ornaments and motifs. Shekhtel worked out the smallest details in his projects - from dozens of options for latches, to flights of stairs and the location of mirrors. Often he was invited to design ready-made buildings. His best Moscow projects include the Ryabushinsky and Morozov mansions, the Yaroslavsky railway station, the Moscow Art Theater building. Chekhova and others.

Alexey Shchusev (1873-1949)

Church of the Intercession of the Marfo-Mariinsky Monastery. 1908 - 1912

The most “convenient” Russian architect of the turn of the 19th-20th centuries. His heritage includes chapels and temples, as well as the NKVD building on Lubyanka and the Komsomolskaya-Koltsevaya metro station. Alexey Shchusev was never afraid to experiment with styles - while his colleagues were guided by French Art Nouveau, he created his own style, gravitating towards the architecture of Novgorod Rus' (for example, the Marfo-Mariinsky Convent on Bolshaya Ordynka in Moscow).

Even before the revolution, Shchusev received an order for the construction of the Kazan station - a kind of tower with turrets. The architect was also in demand among the “Soviets” - the project of Lenin’s mausoleum forever immortalized his name and protected him from repression. Following the architectural fashion, Shchusev entered constructivism and then the Stalinist Empire style, invariably winning design competitions. Thanks to him, many Moscow buildings and churches were preserved and restored.

In this article I will talk about masterpieces of foreign architecture of the 18th century.

You probably know the names of such wonderful masters as V.I. Bazhenov, M.F. Kazakov, A.F. Kokorinov. These people devoted their entire lives to architecture and created unique works of art of the 18th century. Without a doubt, the creations of V.I. Bazhenova, F.I. Kazakova, A.F. Kokorinov is a treasure trove of world architecture. But in this article I would like to talk about the masterpieces of foreign architecture of the 18th century.

The 18th century is the century of Enlightenment, the century of Voltaire and D. Diderot, J.-J. Rousseau and C. Montesquieu. In the 18th century, two completely new styles appeared in art - Rococo and Baroque. The ROCOCO style originated in France at the beginning of the 18th century .Translated from French, Rococo means “STONE” or “SHELL.” Characteristic features of Rococo include sophistication, a large number of different ornaments, withdrawal from the real world, immersion in fantasy, and a tendency to depict mythological subjects.

ITALY is considered the birthplace of the BAROQUE style. This style appeared at the end of the 17th and beginning of the 18th centuries. Translated from Italian, baroque means “STRANGE”, “BRANDS”. Baroque is characterized by a tendency to excess, contrast, a desire for splendor and grandeur, the unification of reality and illusion. Baroque opposes classicism and rationalism.

The largest architects of the 18th century are considered to be A. Rinaldi, C. I. Rossi, B. F. Rastrelli, D. Trezzini.

ITALIAN and ENGLISH ARCHITECTURE of the 18th century.

Baroque appeared in Italy after the Renaissance. Italian Baroque was characterized by the fluidity of complex forms, an abundance of sculptures on the facades of buildings, and the complexity of domed forms. Baroque prevailed in art only until the middle of the 18th century. Later, this bizarre style was replaced by a more rational CLASSICISM. The largest Italian F. Yuvara is considered an architect and representative of the late Baroque. It was he who created the famous Church of Superga and Palazzo Madama in Turin. Later he was invited to work in Portugal. In Lisbon, F. Yuvara built the Ajuda Palace. The architect's last works were the Oriental (Royal) Palace in Madrid ( official residence of the Spanish kings) and the country summer residence of the Spanish king Philip V - La Granja Palace. Another Italian architect L. Vanvitelli created the famous palace in Caserta. This palace was built in 1752 in the neoclassical style. Architect N. Salvi created the famous fountain di Trevi is the largest in Rome. The fountain was built from 1732 to 1762. The style of the fountain is Baroque. The Italian architect A. Galilei built the Church of San Giovanni Lateran Cathedral in Rome.

In England, Baroque did not become as widespread as in Italy. The key figures of Baroque architecture in England were J. Vanbrugh and N. Hawksmoor. The main project of J. Vanbrugh-Seaton Delaval, and the pinnacle of N. Hawksmoor's work was the Spitalfields Church of Christ.

FRENCH and PORTUGUESE ARCHITECTURE OF THE 18TH CENTURY.

The Rococo style appeared in France during the time of Philippe d'Orléans. But the greatest flowering of Rococo came during the reign of King Louis XV. The most prominent architects of that time were J. A. Gabriel and J. J. Soufflot. The most famous creation of the First Royal Architect Gabriel is considered to be the Square Concorde in Paris. The same square was named after Louis XV. J.-J. Soufflot built the Lyon Opera, the Parisian Pantheon and the treasury of Notre Dame Cathedral. A striking example of the Rococo Hotel Soubise in Paris. The hotel interior was created by the architect J. Boffrand in 1704- 1705 In the 1780s CLASSICISM became widespread in France. In the middle of the 18th century, theater mania gripped Paris. Between 1779-1782. In Paris, the ODEON theater was built according to the design of the architects C. de Wailly and M.-J. Peyre. The project of a lifetime by the French architect C. N. Ledoux is a dream city, his ideal city of Chaux.

In Portugal, Rococo appeared around 1726. One of the most significant buildings in the Portuguese Rococo style is the Palace of Queluz, the so-called “Portuguese Versailles.” The building of the Lisbon Theater of São Carlos was built in 1793. In 1750, the construction of the Necessidades Palace was completed.

GERMAN and AUSTRIAN ARCHITECTURE OF THE 18TH CENTURY.

Baroque in German architecture began to develop a hundred years later than in Italy and France. Since 1725, the French architect F. Cuvillier worked in Munich. The architect worked in the style of a blooming, lush and lush Rococo. He created the Amalienburg Pavilion in Nymphenburg. The largest architect in Germany , representative of the Baroque and Rococo I.B. Neumann created such masterpieces as the Basilica in Gosweinstein, the residence palace in Wurzburg, the Catholic Church in Gaibach. The founder of the Dresden Baroque M.D. Peppelman built it in 1711-1722. Zwinger Palace (“Citadel”). Master of Rococo interiors, German architect XVIII century, G. Knobelsdorff built the building of the opera house in Berlin (1750). But his main creation is the one-story Sans Souci Palace (palace of the Prussian king Frederick II the Great) in the royal garden of Potsdam (1745-1747)

The Austrian architect I. B. Fischer von Erlach, the founder of the Habsburg Baroque, worked for two countries: Germany and Austria. Fischer’s prominent projects were the Schönbrunn Palace, the Catholic Church of Karlskirche and the Winter Palace of Eugene of Savoy. Fischer’s younger contemporary was the Austrian architect I. L. von Hildebrandt , who worked in Vienna and Salzburg. His main buildings are Mirabell Castle, Belvedere Palace, Vienna Palace of Eugene of Savoy.

World artistic culture and art are beautiful and multifaceted. They always fascinate and amaze, with the same force and at all times, be it antiquity or pop art.