The oldest bridges in Russia. Russian wooden bridges The most ancient bridges
The U Bein Bridge crosses Lake Tauntome and is rightfully considered a landmark of Myanmar. The longest and ancient bridge on the planet is entirely assembled from local wood - teak. At sunset, when its graceful structure is pierced by the rays of the setting sun, the bridge looks indescribably beautiful. The “water road” was built in 1850 and has a length of 1200 m. It connects the city of Mandalay, which is the second largest in Myanmar, and the capital, Amarapura.
During the construction of the bridge, wooden trunks were used that remained from the former royal palace. In total, 1086 logs were used to create the bridge, and each of them was numbered using a special sign. However, time has not been kind to some of the trunks, and they have rotted. Concrete structures were installed in their place.
The lake's water content is subject to significant fluctuations depending on the season. During the rainy season, from July to August, Tauntome floods heavily and then the bridge becomes of utmost importance for local residents. In the cold season, not fed by rain, the lake takes on a very modest size.
The bridge against the backdrop of the setting sun is a breathtaking sight, appreciated by tourists. Many people come to Myanmar to see him. The popularity of the bridge has become an additional source of income for the local population, who, in addition to selling souvenirs, earn extra money by taking tourists in boats to the middle of the lake, from where the structure looks the most picturesque and makes an incredible impression.
See the world's most beautiful pedestrian bridges, offering stunning views and stunning scenery.
24 PHOTOS
1. Peak Walk, Switzerland. This stunning 107 meter long suspension bridge connects the two peaks Swiss Alps- Scex Rouge and Glacier 3000 peak - at an altitude of... 3000 meters. Only kodak cameras can capture all the greatness of this beauty. (Photo: DENIS BALIBOUSE/Newscom/Reuters). 
2. A 280-meter bridge in the form of human DNA - this can only be seen in Singapore. In the evening, computer-controlled lighting gives the Helix Bridge an incredible atmosphere. (Photo: Suhaimi Abdullah/Getty Images) 
3. The Carrick-a-Rede rope bridge in Ireland, built by local fishermen, stretches directly over a 30-meter precipice. (Photo: LOCOG/Getty Images). 
4. The Trift Bridge in Switzerland is the longest suspension bridge pedestrian bridge in the Alps. It is located above Lake Triftsee and is 170 meters long. (Photo: Urs Flueeler/AP Photo). 
5. Benson Bridge in the USA. The 14-meter bridge was built over Multnomah Falls in Oregon. (Photo: Wolfgang Kaehler/LightRocket/Getty Images). 
6. Henderson Wave Bridge in Singapore. The undulating 275 meter bridge over Henderson Road features some very beautiful LED lighting. (Photo: TIM CHONG/Newscom/Reuters). 
7. Suspension bridge, which is called "Through the Treetops", is located in the Valley of the Giants, in Australia. This amazing bridge was built to allow visitors National Park Walpole-Nornalup in Perth could walk and admire the crowns of giant eucalyptus trees. (Photo: REX Features) 
8. Millennium Bridge in Gateshead, England. It is the world's first tilting bridge over the River Tyne and has won numerous architectural awards. Locals enjoy using it for walking and cycling from Gateshead to Newcastle. (Photo: Stu Forster/Getty Images). 
9. Langkawi Sky Bridge, Malaysia. Situated 700 meters above sea level, a curved bridge leads to the summit of Gunung Mat Chinchang. The bridge, which is 125 meters long, offers breathtaking views of the Andaman Sea. (Photo: UIG/Getty Images). 
10. Capilano Suspension Bridge in Canada. Built in 1889, the bridge sits 70 meters above the Capilano River and appears to rest on the treetops of a virgin forest. (Photo: Rich Wheater/Aurora Photos/Corbis). 
11. Kokonoe Great Suspension Bridge "Yume" in Japan is currently the longest suspension bridge in the world. It is 390 meters long and 173 meters high. The bridge offers stunning views of Shindonotaki Falls and the surrounding Kyusuikei forests. (Photo: UIG/Getty Images). 
12. Cherrapunji Root Bridge in India. This is the most amazing natural bridge in the world, which was made by the Khasi tribe. Roots of surrounding rubber trees local residents directed in such a way that over time they would form strong, natural bridges that could hold 50 people. (Photo: Amos Chapple/Getty Images) 
13. Bridge of Peace in Georgia. The arched bridge, designed by Italian architect Michele De Lucchi, is located over the Kura River in Tbilisi. The bridge structure was manufactured in Italy and transported to the construction site on 200 trucks. (Photo: David Sucsy/Getty Images) 
14. Sonimgyo Bridge in South Korea. This arch bridge over Jeongjeyeon Falls on Jeju Island features 14 statues of nymphs playing on different musical instruments. (Photo: Jupiterimages/Getty Images). 
15. Nesciobrug in the Netherlands. This is the longest pedestrian and bicycle bridge in Europe. Its length is 780 meters. The bridge runs over Amsterdam-Rijnkanaal and will connect two districts: Amsterdam-Oost and IJburg. (Photo: Richard Wareham Fotografie/Getty Images) 
16. Stone bridge in Spain. The stone bridge is the only road connecting the island of San Juan de Gaztelugatxe to the mainland. A bridge running over the ocean leads to a monastery with a small church. (Photo: Getty Images). 
17. Women's Bridge in Argentina. The shape of the bridge, designed by architect Santiago Calatrava, was inspired by the movements of a couple dancing tango. The 160-meter bridge is located over the Rio de la Plata in Buenos Aires. (Photo: Diego Giudice/Bloomberg). 
18. Tree Top Canopy Walk, Malaysia. The 300-meter bridge is located among the treetops tropical forest on the island of Borneo. It is equipped observation deck, from which you can admire the forest, which is... more than 130 million years old. (Photo: Andrea Pistolesi/Getty Images) 
19. Royal Gorge Bridge in the USA. Built in 1929, the 385-meter bridge over the Arkansas River in Colorado is one of the region's most popular attractions. Royal Gorge Bridge, 305 meters high, was the tallest bridge in the world from 1929 to 2001. (Photo: David Zalubowski/AP Photo) 
20. Tigbao Suspension Bridge in the Philippines. The bridge looks as if it is about to collapse, however, this is only an appearance. Hanging 25 meters above the Loboc River, the bridge is made of metal. The bamboo trim is just the outer layer of the structure. (Photo: OTHK/Getty Images). 
21. Rialto Bridge in Venice. This is one of the most famous bridges in the world and a very popular attraction. The Rialto Bridge, which sits directly over the Grand Canal, was originally made of wood. The current stone structure was built between 1588 and 1591 under the direction of the architect Antonio da Ponte. (Photo: Manuel Silvestri/Reuters). 
22. China's Chengyang Bridge, also known as Yongji Bridge or Rainy Bridge, was built in 1916 over the Linxi River in the Sanjiang region. It is made of wood and stone and is 65 meters high. (Photo: REX Features) 
23. Old Bridge in Bosnia and Herzegovina. Built in 1566, the arch bridge is an example of classical Ottoman architecture. During the war between Croatia and Bosnia in 1993, the bridge was destroyed. The old bridge was restored only in 2004. (Photo: Kelly Chang Travel Photography/Getty Images) 
24. Pont du Gard in France. This Roman bridge, which has stood the test of time, is listed world heritage UNESCO. Built in ancient times, on the banks of the Gard River, the three-level bridge is one of the most famous tourist attractions in France. (Photo: REX Features)
Photo of 1884 from the albums of N. A. Naidenov. Trinity Bridge is the oldest surviving stone bridge in Moscow. But for 200 years it has been lying not over the waters of the Neglinka River, but over the alley of the Alexander Garden. Built in 1516 according to the design of the architect Aleviz Fryazin (it was originally built probably in the 1360s). Naturally, it was reconstructed more than once.
Photo con. 1900s It's him.
Photo beginning 1850s All Saints (Kamenny; Bolshoi Kamenny) Bridge (built in the 1680s)
Photo 1852 by R. Fenton. He's the same
Photo con. 1860s Stone (All Saints; Bolshoy Kamenny) bridge. The second stone bridge on this site (built in the late 1850s).
Photo from the 1900s. Maly Kamenny Bridge over the Kanavka (Drainage Canal).
Photo beginning 1910s He's the same
Photo con. 1890s - early 1900s Moskvoretsky Bridge
Photo con. 1890s It's him.
Photo con. 1889 - beginning 1890s Bolshoi Ustinsky Bridge (built in 1881 according to the design of engineer V.N. Speyer).
Photo from the 1900s. He's the same
Photo con. 1860 - 1870s On the right in the photo is the Cast Iron Bridge over the Kanavka (built in the 1830s).
Photo beginning 1880s He's the same
Photo from 1908. Komissariatsky Bridge on Kanavka. It was located downstream than the current one, which is a continuation of the Ustinsky Bridge. The photo was taken after the Easter flood of 1908.
Photo beginning 1890s Babiegorodskaya Dam
Photo 1934 Crimean Bridge
Photo beginning 1930s He's the same
Photo 1907 Krasnokholmsky Bridge
Photo from 1908. Krasnokholmskaya Dam
Photo from 1934. Bolshoi Krasnokholmsky Bridge.
Photo from the 1900s. Novospassky Bridge
Photo con. 1900s All Saints pontoon bridge near the Simonov Monastery. I wrote a lot about this bridge at one time (see the tag “mysterious All Saints Bridge”).
Photos from 1910 - 1920s. He's the same
Photo from 1907. Alekseevsky (Kozhukhovsky, now Danilovsky) bridge.
Photo from 1907. Same.
Photo 1908 Dorogomilovsky (Borodinsky) Bridge
Photo from 1911. Demolition of the old Borodino Bridge
Photo con. 1900 - 1910s Krasnoluzhsky (Nikolaevsky; Nicholas II) bridge. Railway bridge over the Moscow River. Built in 1905-1907, according to the design of engineer L. D. Proskuryakov and architect A. N. Pomerantsev. In 2000 it was moved 2 km. Nowadays it is the Bohdan Khmelnitsky pedestrian bridge.
Photo con. 1900 - 1910s He's the same
Photo from the 1910s. He's the same
Photo from 1905. Temporary railway wooden bridge of the engineer system. Lembke - the forerunner of the St. Andrew's (Sergievsky) Bridge
Photo 1904-1905 He's the same
Photo from 1908. Andreevsky (Sergievsky) Bridge. Railway bridge over the Moscow River. Built in 1905-1907, according to the design of engineer L. D. Proskuryakov and architect A. N. Pomerantsev. Now, moved downstream and reconstructed, there is the pedestrian Pushkinsky Bridge.
Bridges over the Yauza
Photo from the 1930s. Old Yauzsky (Astakhovsky) Bridge (built in 1876 on the supports of the 1805 bridge).
Photo 1938 by B. Ignatovich. He's in the middle ground. It will be dismantled in 1940, and in its place a new bridge will be built, which is still in operation today.
Photo from 1929. Bridge over the Yauza at Serebryanichesky Lane
Photo from 1902. Vysoko-Yauzsky (High) bridge.
Photo of 1887 from the albums of N. A. Naidenov. He's the same
Photo 1935 Kostomarovsky Bridge
Photo from the 1870s. Colorized photo. Andronikov Viaduct - railway bridge
Photo 1888. Aka
Photo from the 1890s. He's the same
Photo from the 1900s. Palace (Lefortovo) Bridge. The oldest of all operating Moscow bridges (and is located over the river). Built in the 1770-1790s. Although, of course, it was later reconstructed, but without demolition.
Photo 1919. Aka
Photo 1907 Hospital Bridge
Photo from the 1930s. Hospital Bridge
Photo from the 1930s. Sailor's Bridge
Photo from the 1930s. Rubtsovsky (Pokrovsky; now Elektrozavodsky) bridge
Photo 1896 Moscow-Kazan Bridge railway(now here is the Elektrozavodsky railway bridge)
An article about a pedestrian wooden bridge over the Fosha Canal in Trogir. The span structure consists of two oak double-hinged arches with a span of 25 meters with the possibility of simple dismantling. All elements are made of solid oak and are connected with conventional joinery joints. All this was done to fit the bridge into the atmosphere of the ancient city.
Trogir is a small historical Croatian city on the Adriatic coast. Approximately 20 km west of Split. Due to its rich architectural and cultural heritage, the historical center of the city is included in the register of the world cultural heritage UNESCO. Historical Center The city is located on a small island, about 400 m long and 200 m wide, connected to the mainland by a small stone arched bridge on the north side. The southern side is connected by a steel-reinforced concrete drawbridge to the island of Ciovo.
A new wooden bridge spans the Forsa Canal and connects Old city Trogir with parking on the mainland. It is located 600 m west of the existing stone bridge.
The assignment required a wooden bridge in a traditional style with a removable span providing access small vessels under the bridge. To harmonize with the architecture of the old town, only natural wood elements and traditional joinery were allowed to be used. 
The arched bridge design was chosen as one of the oldest natural load-bearing systems in the history of construction. In addition, the arch allows small ships to navigate the canal and looks elegant.
The span structure consists of two branches of double-hinged arches 480x680 with a constant radius of 21.7 m, a span of 25 meters. The branches of the arches are located on the sides of the section, and are connected to each other by wooden transverse beams every 0.8 m with a two-layer plank flooring.
The selected double-hinged design of the arched span is not susceptible to foundation settlement. The massive reinforced concrete foundations are hidden under the entrance staircase. The hinges between the arches and the foundation are made of sheet steel.
The arrow of the arches is 4 m, which provided a navigable clearance of 4.5 m. This arrow was chosen based on the balance of aesthetic, pedestrian, navigation and technical requirements.
The width of the passage is 3 m, the total width of the bridge is 4.16 m. The clear distance between the branches of the arches is 3.2 m. The load-bearing elements are made of solid oak with traditional joints. The steel railings with oak handrails are made as transparent as possible. 
Each branch of the arch consists of 4 oak beams 240x340 mm, assembled into a section of 480x680 mm. The connection of the branch section is made with stainless steel bolts and tenons. Cross beams act as dowels between the beams. Bolts made of steel with a strength of 360 MPa: horizontal - 20 mm, vertical - 24 mm. The bolts are installed in drilled holes with epoxy resin, the contact surfaces of the oak beams are also coated with epoxy resin. Epoxy resin with fillers is immune to changes in wood moisture content and weather conditions. The bolts are tightened to 12 kN for 20 mm and 15 kN for 24 mm. When calculating the composite section of the arch, only bolts, tenons and cross beams acted as dowels were taken; epoxy resin was not taken into account.
In the longitudinal direction, the beams of the arch are connected by an oblique joint over a length of 1 m. Fig. 5 s. Transmission of longitudinal force is ensured by stainless steel spikes. The joints are spaced along the length, with only one joint in each section. The transverse beam is attached to the arch in the middle of the longitudinal joint of the beams. The axial distance between the joints of the beams in the semi-arch is 3.2 m, i.e. 1.6 m in the arch as a whole.
To avoid bending of straight timbers, great effort was spent searching for oak trees with a natural curvature. Small deviations of the curvature from the design were accepted so that the correction of the initial curvature of the beam would have the least possible effect on reducing the load-bearing capacity of the arch branches and the span of the structure as a whole. Most of the beams are 7.4 m long and only two beams are 8.5 m long. The curved handrail was also made from naturally curved oak trees.
The overall rigidity of the span is provided by 220x220 mm transverse beams together with a two-layer cross plank deck. They are pinched along the axis of the branches of the arches and cantileverly protrude 0.25 m beyond the plane of the arches (Fig. 5b). The cross-section of the cross beam in the connection is reduced to 120x140 mm, the connection between the cross beam and the arch branch is secured with screws. The net cross-beam cross-section is capable of transmitting bending, torsional and lateral forces. The arrangement of the transverse beams along the axis makes it possible for the branches of the arches to serve as a border for the pedestrian passage.
The plank flooring is made of two perpendicular layers of 30 mm planed boards assembled into a groove. The first layer of boards is longitudinal, the second is transverse. The longitudinal boards are nailed to the transverse beams with nails spaced every 2.4 m, so 50% of the boards are nailed in one section. The second layer is connected with nails at the cross beams and short metal clamps between the cross beams. Additionally, two layers of flooring are glued together with epoxy resin.
Longitudinal and transverse forces are transferred from the timber arches to the concrete foundation through galvanized support hinges (Fig. 5e). The upper balancer of the hinge covers the heel of the arch with a metal clip, the lower balancer is fixed in the concrete foundation with 4 rods 32x1400 mm. The support joint balancers are connected through a 50 mm pin.
Proper drying of the wood required special attention and a lot of time. Drying was carried out in a drying installation with continuous monitoring of changes in humidity in the depth of the cross-section of each branch of the arch and regulation of temperature and air humidity. The wood was dried with high quality, only a few cracks appeared on the elements of the completed bridge. Rice. 6 shows changes in humidity along the cross-sectional height of the arch branches during drying. Temperature and humidity changed from 32 to 36°C and from 50 to 56%, respectively.
Because the bridge is subject to weathering, protecting the wooden elements of the structure is very important to ensure the operational reliability and longevity of the wooden bridge. Therefore, after adjustment and control assembly, all elements were sandblasted to remove all weak layers of wood. After that, all wooden elements were lowered into a bath with a preservative composition against fungi, insects, humidity and other harmful effects. Impregnation with colorless fungicide was carried out by a single immersion. Then a weather-resistant coating was applied in two dips. The wide cracks were further moistened and filled with liquid mortar and a durable plastic sealant. The last layer of protection, carried out in the workshop, consisted of immersing the elements in a protective matte varnish.
During the final assembly process, all contact wood surfaces were coated with epoxy and all screw holes were filled. The screws and tenons were also dipped in epoxy before installation. After completing the assembly of the bridge, the protective layer was restored in places of damage, and additionally the entire structure was covered with a layer of varnish. In the future, it is planned to cover the wood with at least two layers of protective varnish every two years.
Some calculation provisions
The bridge was calculated and designed in accordance with Eurocodes. The structure was modeled by the spatial elements of arches, cross beams and plank. The deck above the transverse beams was not included in the calculation of the load-bearing capacity of the bridge and thus increases the safety factor. The work of the deck was taken into account only when calculating horizontal displacements by increasing the transverse bending stiffness of the arch.
For the longitudinal joints of the elements of the arch branches, a friction coefficient of 0.6 was adopted when calculating rigidity (displacement) and 0.5 when checking the stress state. All symmetric and asymmetric loading schemes with a pedestrian load of 5 kN/m2 are considered. The wind load is assumed to be a wind speed of 180 km/h in the direction of the bridge axis and vertically. The effect of humidity fluctuations was modeled as a uniform temperature change of ±30 °C along the length of the elements, and a non-uniform change of ±10 °C along the height of the section of the wooden elements.
The horizontal interval of the design elements of the arch is 20 mm. Base acceleration for seismic analysis 0.25 g. Seismic forces are calculated by the superposition method using the first 20 free vibration modes. The accepted value of the work coefficient is 2.0. The ship pile-up is assumed to be 100 kN of static lateral horizontal forces at the crown of the arch. Bending moments, torques, longitudinal and transverse forces of all loads for transverse beams in connection with an arch, net cross-section of the transverse beam 0.12x0.14 m.
The load-bearing capacity of the span is significantly higher because the deck was not included in the calculation. The vertical movements of the arch are small due to its rigidity. There are no problems with vibration under pedestrian load, because the calculated frequency of the first vibration mode of the bridge is 3.5 Hz.
Construction and Conclusion
The base under the foundations was strengthened using the “jet-grouting” technology, injecting liquid binder into the soil under high pressure. The support is concreted “dry” with pumping out of leaked water from the pit.
All wooden structures of the bridge were made at the factory (Fig. 7), and control assembly of the arches and cross beams was carried out (Fig. 8). Then the span was completely assembled on the site near the bridge (Fig. 9). Afterwards, the entire span was placed on supporting hinges using a truck crane (Fig. 10). And finally, stone approach stairs, railings with oak handrails, and other finishing works were built. The completed bridge is shown in
rice. 11 and 12.
Rice. 11. Completed bridge. Facade
Rice. 12. Completed bridge.
Customer: Trogir Administration
Design: Professor Jure Radnic PhD, Radnic d.o.o., Split
Construction:
Superstructure: Naprijed Sinj d.o.o., Sinj
Foundation
And a stone staircase: “Point d.o.o.”, Split
Technical control: Kozina projekt d.o.o., Trilj
Bridge indicators
Oak forest, m3 38.0
Concrete, m3 112.0
Rebar, t 11.2
Cost, thousand EUR 300.0
Delivery date, June 2006
Bridge construction, like nothing else, characterizes the level of development of society, the degree of technical and scientific progress, if you like, more broadly - the level of civilization.
And we have something to be proud of...
Moscow.
The oldest surviving Moscow bridge is the Lefortovo Palace Bridge. Architect - Semyon Yakovlev. Built, according to various sources, in 1777 or 1781-1799.
Lefortovo Bridge. Moscow. Photo from the end of the 19th century.
Lefortovo Bridge. Moscow.
In Moscow there is also the Rostokinsky aqueduct across the Yauza River (the so-called “Million Bridge”), which was built in 1780-1805 for water supply. Now it is pedestrian.
Rostokinsky aqueduct. Moscow. Photos from the late 19th - early 20th centuries
Apparently, park bridges should be placed in a separate category.XVIII century in Neskuchny Garden. One of them is three-arched.
Boring Garden. Moscow.
Bridge in Tsaritsyn, Figurny, 1776-1778. The architect is also V.I. Bazhenov.
As part of the complex of buildings of Catherine’s summer residenceII included Big Bridge(1778-1774) through the ravine. It is the largest surviving bridge from the 18th century. Architect V.I. Bazhenov.
Tambov.
Derzhavinsky Bridge over the Studenets River, built in 1786-1788. It had three arches (two of them were blocked, one was filled up).
Vologda.
Stone bridge over the Zolotukha River; built in 1789-1791 according to the design of the architect P.T. Bortnikova. Due to its considerable width it is called a “street-bridge”.
Ryazan.
The stone Glebovsky bridge, built on the site of a wooden one (leads to Ryazan Kremlin). According to some information, it was built inXVIII century; according to others - at the beginningXIXth.
Kaluga.
The stone bridge over the Berezuevsky ravine is the largest stone viaduct in Russia. It was built in 1785 according to the design of the architect P.R. Nikitina.
For comparison...
Venice. Rialto Bridge, 1588-1591
The famous "Golden Bridge" in Florence, Ponte Vecchio. Built in 1345.
Prague, Charles Bridge, built 1357