Purpose of the lesson: to introduce students to the concept of volcanoes, the reasons for their eruptions, to understand what volcanoes are and where they are located on Earth. Lesson objectives: - introduce students to dangerous natural phenomenon geological origin of volcanoes, with types of volcanic eruptions and the causes of their occurrence. - develop the ability to correctly assess the situation, the ability to analyze, systematize and draw conclusions; - generate interest in the subject; - teach to resist natural elements.

Oral survey: What activities need to be carried out before an earthquake so that it does not take you by surprise? What safety measures should you take if an earthquake hits you at home? What safety measures should be taken after an earthquake?

“... From that moment, when the day faded and the crimson light of molten lava came into its own, we were transported to a world of magical visions ... The lake of fire cast ominous crimson reflections on the massive walls of the crater. Heavy waves of liquid lava roared and beat dully...

Climbing through the scree, we reached two flaming crevices, from which hot gases burst out with a deafening noise, suffocating from the effort. We measured their temperature - it reached 1000 degrees... Below us, molten lava was bubbling - it was no more than four hundred meters away... The heat was unbearable... We walked on uneven ground; no human has ever set foot on it; it had barely just arisen, it had only recently hardened, the heat of fiery abysses emanated from it...” This is how the Belgian scientist and writer Harun Taziev described his impressions of visiting the volcano crater.

The concepts of “volcano”, “volcanic eruption”, “magma”, “active margins”. Causes of volcanic eruptions. The word "volcano" comes from the name of the god of fire and blacksmithing, Vulcan, from ancient Roman myths. A volcano is a conical mountain from which hot material – magma – erupts from time to time. Magma is formed at high temperatures and pressures in the earth's crust and upper mantle. Scientists believe that the process of magma formation occurs during tectonic movements of lithospheric plates on its active outskirts.

Active margins are areas of the lithosphere where oceanic crust is subducted beneath lighter, more buoyant continental crust, forming an inclined plate. The interaction of a plate of subducting oceanic crust with continental lithosphere causes melting of the upper mantle at a depth of km. The melt drops that originate here, merging with each other, begin to move upward. At some higher intermediate levels in the earth's crust they form magma chambers, and an eruption occurs from the uppermost chamber.

Types of Volcanoes The most common volcanoes are the central type - this is a hill, mountain or hill with a depression at the top - a crater, from which magma comes to the surface. When a volcano erupts, rock fragments, ash, and erupted lava ejected from it remain on its slopes. The height of the mountain increases, and with it the crater moves higher and higher.

Another type of volcanoes is linear, or fissure. Their occurrence is associated with the rise of liquid basaltic magma along a crack in the earth's crust. Liquid lava spreads over vast areas, forming lava sheets. Such a volcano looks like a crack on the surface of the Earth.

From history In the 1st century, Italy experienced one of the most powerful eruptions of Mount Vesuvius in the history of mankind. Clouds of ash obscured the sun, streams of lava, mud and stones flooded the cities of Pompeii, Herculaneum and Stabia. The air was filled with toxic fumes. People tried to take refuge in houses and died there from suffocation or under a collapsed roof. The eruption of Vesuvius continued for two days, and when it finally stopped, the cities disappeared, completely buried under ash, stones, and dirt. Many centuries later, archaeologists dug them up and discovered examples of ancient Roman architecture, sculpture, and household utensils preserved under volcanic ash.

Location of volcanoes on Earth. There are about 500 volcanoes on Earth. The bulk are concentrated along the coasts and island arcs of the Pacific Ocean. Some volcanic islands is in Indian Ocean, and in the Atlantic there are only 45 of them. In addition to the Pacific zone, there are still two areas of volcanism on Earth. One of them is in Africa, and the other includes the Mediterranean and Asia Minor, as well as eastern Turkey and Iran. On the territory of Russia, volcanic activity is observed in the areas of Kamchatka and the Kuril Islands.

Homework § 2.4 pp. In writing: write in your notebook what are the harbingers of volcanic eruptions?

Ella Vassina
Presentation for students senior group on the theme "Volcano"

Target:

Introduce children to natural phenomena - volcano.

Tasks:

1- promote the development of cognitive activity in children, the desire for independent knowledge and reflection;

2- improve the ability to work with various materials, show a desire for transformation, and take a creative approach to solving assigned problems.

"I spit fire and lava,

I am a dangerous giant

I am famous for my bad fame,

What's my name?"

On a spaceship you can get into space, from where you can clearly see our planet. It is very huge and looks like a ball.

Deep below us, inside our planet, the earth is so hot it looks like mush.

There is water on our Earth (seas, rivers and oceans) and land (she's dry). We live on land. On land there is high mountains. Have you seen the mountains? The land is hard. But this is only from above, and deep inside the Earth it is so hot that even stones melt.

Word « VOLCANO» in Latin means "fire" And "flame". So named

one of the ancient Russian gods - the god of fire and blacksmithing.

Volcanoes there are eruptions

on the land…

There are also underwater...

"Sleepers" volcanoes differ little from other mountains.

But sometimes they "waking up", and then, the strong begins

underground roar, flames, ashes, red-hot

stones, volcanic bombs.

During an eruption volcano magma comes to the surface, it also

called LAVA.

The channel through which magma rises is called

MOUTH volcano.

Pieces of frozen lava - pumice. Look how interesting she is. There are air bubbles inside this pebble. This is because the lava boiled and seethed, and then froze.

Volcanoes seem beautiful, but they are very dangerous. After all, the fiery porridge is lava,

pouring out of the mountain, it can destroy cities where people live and start fires.

Scientists who monitor the condition volcanoes and can often predict the beginning of their eruptions called volcanologists.

Where fire flies from the mountain,

And it smokes from all sides,

There's a dangerous hooligan there

Awakened again (Volcano)

At that rather big mountain

The character is quiet for the time being.

But this could happen -

It will explode and smoke (Volcano)

The mountain woke up from its sleep,

It began to bubble and boil.

And it shot up from the cap

Lots of smoke, soot, ash.

The lava flows like honey, thick.

What do you call a mountain like this? (Volcano)

Publications on the topic:

Summary of direct educational activities in the educational field “Artistic and Aesthetic Development” with children 5-6.

1586 - eruption of the Kelut volcano in Indonesia, a person died. - eruption of the Kelut volcano in Indonesia - a person died.

On December 16, 1631, there was a strong eruption of Mount Vesuvius. One person died

A huge number of people and animals died, because at that time life was in full swing on the slopes of Vesuvius. For a long time the volcano was silent. Vesuvius began to erupt on December 16, 1631. Explosions thundered, a huge pink cloud appeared, which turned day into night. A deadly rain of hot ash and slag fell. Many residents were burned by falling burning debris and volcanic ash in their homes on the slopes of the mountain.

Huaynaputina Volcano 1600 It was the largest in history South America volcanic eruption of all time. It also affected the climate. The summer of 1600 was one of the coldest in the previous 500 years. The ash from the explosion covered everything within a radius of 50 square kilometers. The cataclysm of 1600 damaged the nearby cities of Arequipa and Moquegau, which took a century to recover.

Krakatoa Volcano 1883 A powerful explosion that occurred in April. It was accompanied by loud booms for several months. The eruption of this volcano threw out a huge amount of ash and pumice, and it could be heard thousands of kilometers away. The explosion also triggered the development of a tsunami, maximum height waves reached 40 meters, and more than 34 thousand people died.

Santa Maria Volcano 1902 The eruption of Santa Maria was one of the largest eruptions of the 20th century. A strong explosion occurred after almost 500 years of silence, leaving behind a large crater, about one and a half kilometers in diameter, on the southwestern flank of the mountain. The explosion was heard 800 kilometers away in Costa Rica. The ash column rose 28 kilometers. About 6 thousand people died.

Novarupta Volcano 1912 The eruption of one of the chain of volcanoes on the Alaska Peninsula was the largest volcanic explosion of the 20th century. The powerful eruption triggered the release of 12.5 cubic kilometers of magma and ash into the air, which then settled on the ground within a radius of 7,800 square kilometers. Nearby Kodiak Island was covered in a 30-centimeter layer of ash, and acid rain caused by volcanic rock emissions caused people's clothing to fall apart.

Mount Pinatubo 1991 The catastrophic eruption began on June 10, 1991. More than 5 cubic kilometers of byproducts were released into the air, and this created a column of ash that rose 35 kilometers in the atmosphere. The eruption turned 150 thousand people into refugees, forced the closure of Clark Air Force Base and the evacuation of all employees both from it and from naval base "Subik". Approximately 200 people died.

Changbaishan Volcano 1000 As a result of the volcanic eruption, so much volcanic material was thrown out that even in the north of Japan, 1200 kilometers from the site of the event, it was felt. The eruption created a large crater almost 4.5 kilometers in diameter and about one kilometer deep. Currently, the site of this depression is the Tianchi Lake, which is popular among tourists not only because of its beauty, but also because of the supposed unidentified creatures living in its depths.

Tambora 1815 The volcanic eruption is the most powerful in history. It reached its climax in April 1815, with an explosion so loud that it was heard on the island of Sumatra, which is located more than 1,930 kilometers from the site. The death toll was 71 thousand people, and clouds of heavy ash fell on many islands located at a very great distance from the volcano.

Ambrym Island, 50 BC An island of volcanic origin, with an area of ​​665 square kilometers, part of a tiny country in southwestern part of the Pacific Ocean, witnessed one of the most spectacular eruptions in human history. A huge amount of ash and ash was thrown into the atmosphere, and a pit with a diameter of 12 kilometers was formed.

Volcano Ilopango 450 BC It was an incredible eruption. It destroyed all Mayan settlements and covered a third of the country with ash. Trade routes were destroyed, and the entire civilization was forced to move to the lowlands. Now in the crater there is one of the most large lakes El Salvador.

Thera, 1610 BC Geologists believe Thera exploded with the force of several hundred atomic bombs. Although there are no records to prove this. The island on which the volcano is located was home to the people of the Minoan civilization. There are some indications that residents suspected an eruption and were able to evacuate in time. The eruption also triggered a massive tsunami, and a huge release of sulfur dioxide into the atmosphere caused a global drop in temperature and subsequent climate change.

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Presentation - Volcanic eruptions

Text of this presentation

VOLCANOES
Shevchenko Evgeny Aleksandrovich Teacher-organizer of life safety MBOU "Kolomytsevskaya Secondary School" 2016

Study questions: Origin and types of volcanoes. Consequences of volcanic eruptions. Measures to reduce losses from volcanic eruptions. Target. At the end of the topic studied, students should: know the basic measures to protect the population from volcanic eruptions; have the skills to carry out measures to protect against volcanic eruptions; have an idea of ​​the consequences of volcanic eruptions.

Eruption of Vesuvius

vent
magma

VOLCANO CRATER

Eruption

scorching cloud

A volcanic eruption is probably the most amazing spectacle in nature. An eruption is often accompanied by an earthquake, increasing volcanic activity. An underground rumble is heard, the release of gases and vapors increases, their temperature rises, clouds thicken over the top of the volcano, and its slopes begin to swell. Then, under the pressure of gases escaping from the bowels of the Earth, an eruption occurs.

Thick black clouds of gases and water vapor mixed with ash are thrown up thousands of meters, covering the surrounding area in darkness. Pieces of red-hot stones fly out of the crater with a roar. Ashes fall from thick black clouds onto the ground. Lava rises from the crater of a volcano. Lava can be liquid, viscous and thick.

Products of a volcanic eruption

What to do in case of a volcanic eruption

Consolidation: Test on the topic: “Volcanic eruptions” Grade 7 1. The greatest danger during a volcanic eruption is: a) hot lava flows; b) scorching avalanches; c) clouds of ash and gases (“scorching cloud”); d) blast wave and scattering of debris; e) water and mud-stone flows; e) sharp fluctuations in temperature. 2. “Scorching cloud” is: a) clouds of ash rising to a great height; b) clouds of hot gas under high pressure emanating from the crater of a volcano; c) clouds of hot gas and ash that remain close to the surface of the earth; d) clouds of hot gas and ash rising to a height of up to 75 km. 3. The main way to save people during volcanic eruptions is: a) shelter in specially equipped shelters; b) evacuation; c) use of personal protective equipment for respiratory organs and skin. 4. What to do during a volcanic eruption while in close proximity From him. Select your further actions from the proposed options and determine their order: a) run away in a perpendicular direction from the moving lava flows; b) take cover under a large stone; c) protect the respiratory system; d) follow to the shelter.

Answers Test on the topic: “Volcanic eruptions” Grade 7 1. The greatest danger during a volcanic eruption is: a) hot lava flows; b) scorching avalanches; c) clouds of ash and gases (“scorching cloud”); d) blast wave and scattering of debris; e) water and mud-stone flows; e) sharp fluctuations in temperature. 2. “Scorching cloud” is: a) clouds of ash rising to a great height; b) clouds of hot gas under high pressure emanating from the crater of a volcano; c) clouds of hot gas and ash that remain close to the surface of the earth; d) clouds of hot gas and ash rising to a height of up to 75 km. 3. The main way to save people during volcanic eruptions is: a) shelter in specially equipped shelters; b) evacuation; c) use of personal protective equipment for respiratory organs and skin. 4. What should you do if you are in close proximity to a volcanic eruption? Select your further actions from the proposed options and determine their order: a) run away in a perpendicular direction from the moving lava flows; b) take cover under a large stone; c) protect the respiratory system; 1 d) follow to the shelter. 2

Literature: 1. “Fundamentals of life safety” - a textbook for 7th grade students of general education institutions / S.N. Vangorodsky, M.I. Kuznetsov, V.V. Markov, V.N. Latchuk - M: Bustard, 2009. 2. Latchuk V. N., Markov V. V. Fundamentals of life safety. 7th grade: teaching aid. - M.: Bustard, 2004. 3.V.N. Latchuk, V.V. Markov, M.P. Frolov “Fundamentals of life safety” Didactic materials - M.: Bustard, 2000. 4. Internet resources. Yandex pictures.

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