Modern passenger ships. Requirements for passenger ships

Means of maritime passenger transport can be classified as follows:

Figure 6.1. ... Classification of passenger ships by functionality

A seagoing cruise liner can accommodate several hundred passengers, as well as numerous service personnel and crew. The cruise ships have all the conditions for a good rest for travelers: there are restaurants, cafes, shops, cinemas, swimming pools.

Figure 6.2. Cruise ships

1 - promenade deck; 2 - sun deck; 3 - restaurant; 4 - pool; 5 - reading room; 6 - administration / souvenir kiosk; 7 - sauna; 8 - solarium; 9 - canopy from the sun; 10 - veranda / bar; 11 - bridge; 12 - upper deck; 13 - main deck; 14 - panoramic salon.

The main indicators of the comfort of cabins on cruise ships are: the number of rooms in the cabin, the location of the cabin on the ship (in relation to the bow / middle / stern of the ship; on different decks); the view from the windows and other factors. Depending on the comfort, the cabins can be of different categories: from the most prestigious, located on the highest decks of the ship, which have several rooms, to interior cabins without windows or portholes.

As a rule, a cruise ship is operated no more than 10 years and is reconstructed once every 6-8 years. Some of the ships are 12-14-deck "floating cities" that can accommodate 2-6 thousand passengers.

Currently, the cruise business is characterized by an increase in the quality and quantity of services on board. The quality of services is ensured by a sufficient number of attendants (the ratio is one person to two or three passengers) and their high qualifications.

On modern cruise ships, in addition to traditional services such as a swimming pool, an elevator, a cinema, a video, a restaurant, a sauna, a solarium, provided volleyball and golf courses, tennis courts, etc. Cruises combine sea and coastal recreation, in particular excursions. Depending on the program of coastal rest, it is customary to distinguish between two systems of organizing cruise trips: European and American.

Cruise ships are certified in six categories (stars). The last category, 6 stars (super-lux), includes only four ships in the world. The cost of a cruise of this class is 8-10 thousand dollars. USA in a week. Meals on super-luxury ships are only individual, taking into account the specific needs and habits of passengers.

According to the foreign classification, the cabin class on a cruise ship is reflected as follows:

Premium P-1 (2-3-bed accommodation with all the attributes of comfort - two rooms, bathroom, toilet, mini-bar, etc.);

Premium P-2 (2-bed accommodation with the same attributes of comfort);

Standart SI (2-3-bed accommodation with partial conveniences);

Standart S2 (2-4-bed accommodation with partial conveniences);

Economy - E (economy class with 2-4-6-bed accommodation and partial conveniences).

In some cases, the classification may be different.

According to the principle of movement, ships are divided into:

displacement, that is, floating on the water surface;

planing, that is, that slide on the surface of the water;

hydrofoil, hovercraft and ekranoplan, that is, that move over the water surface.

If the shipping companies have new special passenger facilities, the tour operator can use aquaplanes, hovercraft, etc. to overturn tourists from one point of the travel route to another.

It should be noted that the principle of operation of the propulsion system for a hovercraft imposes certain requirements on the accommodation and behavior of passengers on board, and the tour operator must introduce them to their tourists.

In general, river and sea vehicles available for the movement of tourists include (Table 6.1):

Table 6.1. Types and means of water transport

River transport:		power-driven boats and small size vessels;
		nimble boats,


		motor ships,
		hydrofoils,
		hovercraft

Sea transport:
		superliners,

		motor ships,

		hydrofoils,
		ekranoplan,
		ocean yachts

A significant number of tourists in inland waterway transport use small boats, to which the State Inspectorate (GIMS) classifies floating craft with a displacement of up to 80 register tons, a passenger capacity of up to 12 people, with an outboard motor without power limitation or stationary 75 hp.

Boats, yachts and boats used for recreation and travel by water are small craft.

When traveling by small boat, they often face the need to have a significant supply of fuel - there are no special refueling stations for small boats on the shore, and there are not enough equipped parking places. Small boats are used very often abroad, for example, in Finland there are 15 million registered residents. floating craft. In 2010, the total North American cruise market is estimated at $ 15.95 billion. This includes North American passengers (5% from Canada) and foreign tourists departing from North American ports

Fig 6.3. Scheme of a cruise ship of the liner "Radiance of the sea"

Classification of passenger ships according to various criteria

At all the water transport fleet can be divided on the:

- technical (carry out work on cleaning and deepening the bottom);

- auxiliary (serves transport and technical ships);

- trade(designed for the carriage of goods and passengers).

By operational function ships that carry passengers are divided into:

- passenger ships;

- cargo-passenger ships.

A passenger ship iswith premises for the carriage of more than 12 passengers. On passenger ships, the surface volume of the hull is occupied mainly by passenger spaces.

A vessel is considered a cargo-passenger vesseldesigned for the simultaneous transportation of passengers and goods. Most of the surface volume of the hull is occupied by cargo spaces.

Compared to cargo ships, passenger ships have more life-saving appliances, enhanced fire protection and are designed in such a way that they remain afloat when any two adjacent compartments are flooded.

By sailing area passenger ships are divided:

- Oceanic passenger ships are the largest and are distinguished by their high navigation autonomy. Swimming is considered oceanic between ports located in different seas at a distance of more than 1000 miles, with a distance from the coast for more than 200 miles, as well as navigation in the region of the northern seas.

- Marine passenger ships are smaller than ocean-going ships. The cruising range is relatively short due to limited fuel supplies. Such navigation is considered marine. , in which ships move 50-200 miles from the coast, making voyages between ports located 250-1000 miles apart. Sea-going vessels carry out transportation of passengers, as a rule, between ports of one or several adjacent seas.

Passenger ships coastal sailing. Such sailing is considered to be coastal. , in which ships are 20-50 miles offshore, port transitions range from 50 to 250 miles. Ships are usually smaller than sea vessels and are intended to navigate near the coast between ports that are at a short distance from each other. Coastal vessels must be seaworthy to navigate in stormy weather. They are widely used in resort areas and in areas of large port cities to transport passengers to places of work and recreation. In recent years, hydrofoils and hovercraft have begun to be widely used in coastal navigation.

Ships raid voyage can move away from the coast for relatively short distances and are intended for short-term passenger transportation (for example, hydrofoil pleasure boats).

By seaworthiness classification societiespassenger ships, like cargo ships, are divided into:

- vessels of unlimited navigation area (built taking into account the requirements of international conventions for the protection of human life at sea);

- limited navigation vessels (they are subject to the laws and regulations of only the authorities of the country along the coast of which this vessel is sailing).

In addition, for passenger ships, in accordance with the International Convention for the Safety of Life at Sea, the navigation area is limited by the term "Short international flight"... Such a voyage is understood to mean a voyage during which the ship is no more than 200 miles from the port of refuge, and the voyage itself does not exceed 600 miles, counting from the last port of call of the country in which the voyage began and to the final port of destination.

Depending on the method of travel passenger ships are divided:

- displacement ships,

- hydrofoil vessels (SPK),

- hovercraft (hovercraft),

- planing vessels.

By type of transport activity passenger ships are divided:

By ships linear swimming named are passenger ships that carry out regular transportation of passengers in established directions and according to announced schedules. For the most part, they are cargo-passenger and can be used both for purely passenger transportation and combine them with the transportation of associated cargo.

Ships cruise are purely passenger and their cargo spaces are used only for the carriage of passengers' personal baggage. The system of public passenger spaces is especially developed on these ships. Considering that cruises usually take place in areas with a favorable climate, special attention is paid to creating conditions for passengers to relax on decks. Generally, most modern cruise ships are single-class ships. This simplifies the maintenance system and reduces costs.

Ships linear cruise - these are liner ships used alternately in linear and cruise navigation (in spring-winter on regular lines, and in autumn-winter - for cruise flights). During their construction, it is envisaged to increase the volume of premises for the rest of passengers and the possibility of the ship's transition to one class. A distinctive feature of such ships is double passenger capacity: one is larger - for operation on a regular line with the division of passenger spaces into two or three classes, and the other - for cruise flights - approximately 1.5-2 times less, giving passengers the right to use all passenger premises. When liner ships are used on cruises, their passenger capacity is usually reduced (by about 20-30%).

- Passenger ferries.Passenger ferries are called specialized vessels designed for the simultaneous transportation of passengers, as well as loaded and empty vehicles, including railway rolling stock. They are cargo-passenger ships, on which, on the one hand, all the necessary comfortable conditions are created that meet the requirements of a passenger ship, on the other hand, technological schemes for performing cargo operations typical for ro-ro ships are used.

Ferries operate mainly on sea crossings. On short-haul flights, passenger cabins on ferries are usually not satisfactory. However, if the duration of the transition is more than 12 hours (or more than 2-3 hours at night), the cabins are equipped with aircraft-type seats. Ferries with a cruise of more than a day already have passenger cabins. Some of the cabins are specially allocated for car drivers.

Depending on the type of transported vehicles ferries are subdivided into:

- auto-passenger ferries;

- rail ferries.

Car-passenger ferries serve as transport arteries and are used to transport passengers. They have a number of design features:

ü large capacity;

ü high freeboard;

ü superstructure extended almost along the entire length of the vessel;

ü Their length-to-width ratio (L / B) is less than that of passenger ships of the same displacement (i.e. the ferries are wider);

ü a developed system of fast inclining and trimming of the vessel to ensure the installation of ramps at the required angle of inclination and capable of withstanding the roll and trim of the vessel within the specified limits, both in the process of loading (unloading) the vessel and during navigation.

Depending on from the type of technological scheme for performing cargo operations and design features of entry devices car ferries are usually divided into:

- bilateral, have a device for loading and unloading vehicles (entrances) in the bow and stern. This makes it possible to carry out cargo operations according to the flow scheme (entry through one end, exit through the other) without maneuvering on the deck and allows flights without turning at the end points, moving forward alternately either bow or stern.

- unilateral, have an entry only at one of the ends of the vessel: bow or stern.

- with side entrances, cargo operations are carried out through the gate ports located in the middle of the ship.

- universal, have side ramps and ramps at the extremities (more often in the stern). Cargo operations on them can be carried out according to the flow technological scheme.

One-way and universal ferries with aft entrances have the best seaworthiness. They are usually used on high leverage lines.

Rail ferries work at crossings that connect terminal railway stations located on different shores of the straits or even sea areas. Loading and unloading of wagons, as a rule, is carried out through a special coastal ramp connecting the coastal access roads with the opening aft part of the vessel.

Depending on the the nature of the combinationphysiological and emotional components of comfort passenger ships can be divided:

- luxury ships (cruise ships of unlimited navigation area);

- medium comfort ships (liner cruise ships, coastal cruise ships and auto-passenger ferries);

- vessels of moderate comfort (special-purpose ships and auto-passenger ferries for pouring navigation).

Such a division is to a certain extent arbitrary, however, within each group, the main types of passenger ships can be provided.

Depending on the level of comfort of the ships, for which the "five-star scale" is used, adopted for the classification of coastal hotels, passenger ships are divided into:

1-2 stars - ships that operate on passenger transport lines,

3-4 stars - cruise ships, which are designed for the so-called. "Cognitive cruises" - which are based on frequent calls to ports and shore excursion services,

5 stars - ships, as a rule, are intended for recreation of passengers on board a ship and shore excursion service is not essential for this category of ships.

In this scale, the number of stars increases in accordance with the increase in the level of constructive and service comfort of the vessel.

Passenger carriage is regulated by the Fundamentals of Civil Legislation, Civil Codes of States, as well as the Merchant Shipping Code of Ukraine and the General Rules for the Carriage of Goods, Passengers and Luggage. These documents mainly determine the legal status of the parties.

The main requirement for sea passenger transportation is its safety. In accordance with the Convention, rules have been developed for the construction, equipment and survey of passenger ships. Only ships that meet the requirements of these rules are allowed to carry passengers:

ü transportation of passengers can be carried out in rooms with a height of at least 1.9 m;

ü for each passenger there must be at least 2.6 volumes of premises and 1.1 decks;

ü each passenger must have a berth.

Such ships, in addition to general registration documents, are issued special ones: Passenger Certificate and Passenger Ship Safety Certificate.

Passenger certificate issued to all ships carrying more than 12 passengers. The certificate is a document certifying that the ship meets all the requirements for passenger ships in terms of unsinkability, fire protection, life-saving appliances, and has the necessary seaworthiness for passenger transportation. The certificate is issued for a period of 1 year (provided that at this time the validity period of the certificate of the ship's seaworthiness is preserved). It indicates the total number of passengers allowed for carriage on a given vessel, and the number of places: sleeping, sitting and on deck. It is established under what conditions the carriage of passengers on the deck is permissible.

Passenger Ship Safety Certificate issued to passenger ships making foreign voyages. It is a document confirming that the vessel meets all the requirements of the International Convention for the Safety of Life at Sea, 1974 and has been surveyed in accordance with the provisions of this Convention. The certificate indicates :

ü cargo waterlines, division into compartments;

ü life-saving equipment of the vessel and their capacity;

ü radio equipment of the ship and the procedure for keeping radio watches.

In order to check their condition, passenger ships are subject to periodic surveys by the Register :

- before the start of operation vessel;

- next - once every 4 years for the Register class;

- annual - to renew the relevant certificates (certificates);

- additional (extraordinary) - as needed.

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Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation

Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution

higher professional education

State University of Management

Institute of Industry Management

on the academic discipline "Fundamentals of Technology"

River and sea passenger ships

Completed by a student

1 course 14 groups

Serikova M.I.

Head Zakharov V.R.

Moscow - 2014

Introduction
1. The history of the creation of passenger ships
1.1 The flourishing of the world passenger fleet
1.2 Development of the domestic passenger fleet
1.3 Economic prerequisites for the transformation and modernization of ships
2. Types of passenger ships
3. River passenger ships
4. Marine passenger ships of the future
Conclusion
List of used literature

Introduction

A passenger ship is a ship that carries more than 12 people on board. Passenger ships carry passengers in specially designated rooms - passenger cabins. Also, passenger ships can carry baggage, mail and some related cargo in the cargo compartments designated for this. Passenger ships are distinguished by increased comfort and good speed.

A distinctive feature of passenger ships is their comfort, which is ensured by a large number of different public spaces (music and smoking rooms, restaurants, swimming pools, etc.), the installation of roll stabilizers, the presence of an air conditioning system, etc. Passenger ships have relatively high speeds ranging from 20 to 30 knots. To ensure the safety of navigation, the hull of a passenger ship is divided into compartments by watertight bulkheads, which makes it possible to maintain the buoyancy of the ship when a hole is received. Passenger ships also have cargo spaces in which they carry luggage, mail and urgent cargo, and on cruise ships - cars. Only small passenger ships in local traffic do not have cargo spaces.

1. Historycreationpassengerships

1.1 Flourishingworldpassengerfleet

Over the past 100 years, from about 1850 to 1950, a relatively rapid development of ships equipped specifically for the carriage of passengers could be noted. They were large, high-speed vessels with a variety of passenger accommodations, from super-suites and 1st class cabins to primitive tourist-class twin-deck cabins for Europeans who emigrated to America. The heyday of the world's passenger fleet falls between the two world wars and the period after the second world war. The ships under construction at this time belonged to the largest, fastest and best equipped ships of the merchant fleet and personified the sea power of this country. We offer to buy an inexpensive two-mast lift. The flagship ships of the maritime powers were, in most cases, passenger ships (for example, the Bathory of the Polish People's Republic fleet, the United States of the American, Queen Elizabeth of the British, France of the French merchant fleets). With the introduction of transcontinental airlines from the mid-50s. XX century. there was a decrease in the demand for passenger transportation by sea (most passengers began to use air transport). If, for example, in 1951 710,000 passengers were transported by sea through the North Atlantic, and 352,000 by air, then in 1970 these figures were 252,000 and 8 million, respectively. However, although passenger traffic by sea is almost completely obsolete, there are still many passenger ships sailing on the oceans, which have changed their purpose and become cruise ships and recreational ships. A number of passenger liners built during the heyday of sea passenger transport have recently been converted to cruise ships.

1.2 Developmentdomesticpassengerfleet

Among the tasks set by the Soviet state for the national economy were the creation of a new cargo and passenger fleet and the improvement of its operation. For a number of regions of the North and the Far East, the restoration of the passenger fleet and shipping was a priority task, since the sea fleet was the only type of communication. In 1923, sea communication with the Far East was established in a large cabotage, and in 1924 the joint-stock company Sovtorgflot was organized, which included a passenger part. By 1925, passenger traffic was normalized in all basins of the USSR. The ships that remained from the pre-revolutionary period had a low level of comfort and were morally obsolete. Less than 10 years after the victory of the Great October Socialist Revolution, the young Soviet shipbuilding began to master the construction of modern SS at that time.

On the basis of the agreement between the Sudotrest and the Sovtorgflot, the Baltic Shipyard at the beginning of 1927 began the construction of two post-passenger ships of the first series for the Crimean-Caucasian line. Following them, two more ships of the same type were built. They were named after the Soviet republics: "Abkhazia", \u200b\u200b"Adjaristan", "Armenia" and "Ukraine". The designs of the motor ships were developed by the Central Bureau of Marine Shipbuilding in Leningrad on the instructions of the Sovtorgflot. To take into account the operating conditions and sailing experience on commercial and passenger ships, Sovtorgflot sent experienced captains to the Central Bureau who knew well the specifics of work on the Crimean-Caucasian line. When making the drawings of the general arrangement of the premises, it was taken into account that the ships under construction are intended to perform urgent postal-goods-passenger flights with calls to the ports of the Crimean-Caucasian coast and sailing in the Mediterranean Sea. The main tasks were formulated as follows. The ship had to accommodate 550 "class" passengers in the conditions of providing them with the appropriate comfort. The crew was accommodated mainly in the middle of the ship on the upper deck in double cabins with single-deck berths. The net carrying capacity was determined at 1000 tons of general cargo with a hold capacity of 2260 m3. In the initial assignment, the length was limited to 100 m, but taking into account the need to accommodate a given number of passengers and cargo, it was allowed to increase the structural length to 110 m.The draft was limited to 5.79 m (according to the conditions of entry into the Kerch port) and was finally set to 5.6 m. the stern was intended for a cruising type, the speed was set at no less than 14.5 knots, and the cruising range was 3000 miles.

The vessel was a double-deck motor ship with an extended tank. There were four groups of cabins, depending on the level of comfort. Passengers of the so-called special seats (about 50 people) were accommodated on the promenade deck in double cabins, with two deluxe cabins provided. Passengers of the so-called soft seats (for 194 people) were located in the aft part of the vessel on the lower deck and in the aft wheelhouse on the upper deck in cabins from two to seven people each. The passengers of the so-called hard seats (about 306 people) were placed in the bow of the ship. For 56 people (women and children), cabins were equipped on the upper deck. For the remaining 250 people, common areas were provided on the lower deck and platform. Since the vessels of this type were intended to operate on the express line with docks in ports, five cranes with a lifting capacity of 1.5 tons each were installed to carry out cargo operations. Comparing this type of vessel with foreign counterparts, experts noted that the designed vessel differs in its elements from the usual type of cargo ships serving simultaneously for passenger traffic. Restoration of the passenger fleet and transportation in 1945-1959 was carried out on the basis of the use of old ships received as reparations.

1.3 Economic prerequisites for the transformation and modernization of ships
modernization of sea river passenger
The domestic practice of re-equipment and modernization of the SS reflects, on the whole, the general patterns characteristic of the world passenger fleet, however, it has a number of its specific features.
The purpose of the vessel (cargo and passenger), architectural and constructive concept (the degree of development of superstructures and deckhouses, the presence of an open wide side passage along the entire length of the deck, an elongated tank, etc.), materials of equipment and decoration and much more reflected the level of development of the passenger fleet in the mid-50 -x years In 1958-1964. was built a large series of GPS type "Mikhail Kalinin", which were sent to various regions of the country (ChMP, BMP, DVMP, MMP, etc.).
The experience of their operation showed that these vessels required re-equipment, taking into account the specifics of work in each basin. The cost of refitting and ensuring that ships meet specific operating conditions were many times greater than the benefits provided by the serial production of ships. Another example of an uncoordinated technical policy is the development and replenishment of the passenger fleet of the Northern Sea Shipping Company. In the second half of the 70s. re-equipment of cargo and passenger ships of the NSR "Bukovina" and "Tataria" was carried out. 1975-1976 five motor-passenger ships of the "Belarus" type began to operate. If in the world practice of the development of AMS the ratio between passenger capacity and car capacity is from 3: 1 to 4: 1, then for transportation on the Crimean-Caucasian line this ratio is 8: 1. The ratio, which was envisaged for ships of the type "Belarus" - 2: 1, led to a large excess of garage premises (up to 70%). In addition, it should be borne in mind that these vessels, in terms of the comfort level of passenger cabins and public spaces, correspond to comfortable compressor stations, which, as a rule, do not provide for garages, therefore, the inconsistency of the operational concept of these vessels is even more obvious. Thus, the mistake in the choice of the general concept of the vessel was repeated, which led to a decrease in the economic efficiency of the vessels, since about 20% of the useful volume of the vessel falls on the empty garage. It would be advisable to correct the mistake made by re-equipping the garage space, but these vessels were re-equipped only after 8-11 years in Germany, which required significant costs for each vessel.
2. Typespassengerships
Passenger ships are divided into several types.
· Oceanliner - the type of ship that follows a given route and delivers passengers from one part of the world to another. This type of vessel was very popular in the last century, in particular for crossing the Atlantic. Now ocean liners have evolved into modern cruise ships.
· Cruiseliner - as a rule, makes international flights and carries passengers from one group tourist program, that is, according to the schedule, calling at one or several ports. Modern cruise ships combine a fast ocean liner with the luxury of a tourist hotel.
· Rivercruiseliners travel through the inland waters of one state with stops at designated ports. River liners are much smaller than ocean liners and can carry up to 240 passengers.
· Cruiseferry - a type of vessel that combines the functions of a cruise liner and a ferry.
3. Riverpassengerships

All river vessels can be divided into two broad categories:

1. Vessels equipped with an engine, that is, self-propelled. This includes motor ships, steamers, boats, motor boats, etc.

2. Vessels without an engine, that is, non-self-propelled. These are, first of all, cargo barges, as well as pontoons and other structures.

The main type of self-propelled vessel is a dry cargo ship. Dry cargo ships carry cargo in a hold located inside the ship's hull. As the name implies, dry cargo ships carry goods that are not desirable to be exposed to moisture, therefore dry cargo ships are equipped with special hatches.

There are three types of vessels among dry cargo vessels:

1. Roller (ro-ro). This vessel is equipped with vertical loading, cars and other equipment are transported on it.

2. Cars can enter the vessel on their own through the folding bow ramps.

3. Bulk carrier. This type of vessels is designed for the carriage of bulk, non-containerized (and sometimes liquid) cargo. For example, if the cargo is river sand with delivery, then most likely it will be delivered on the bulk carrier.

4. Bulk dry cargo ship. Such bulk carriers carry various types of liquid cargo, such as oil, ammonia, liquid fuel, etc.

If we talk about non-self-propelled vessels, then the leader here is a cargo barge. There are several types of barges:

Bilges (closed and open), *

Platforms for bulk transportation,

· Awning,

Self-unloading,

· Car carriers,

Cement trucks,

other. However, all these types belong to dry cargo barges, there are also liquid barges.

The advantages of river transport

1. River transportation of goods has a fairly low cost, and this is a big plus for customers. Low cost is possible due to the low speed of transportation and the presence of flow on the rivers.

2. No need to build and, accordingly, repair transport routes, as is done for auto and rail transport.

Disadvantages of river transport

1. Paradoxically, what provides the main advantage is the main disadvantage. We are talking about the low speed of river vessels and, accordingly, long delivery times.

2. Relatively weak capacity in terms of traffic volumes.

3. Pronounced seasonality of transportation associated with short navigation. In other words, the rivers freeze over in winter and the ships are frozen.

4. Different depths and widths of rivers in different places and sizes of vessels impose additional restrictions on transportation.

4. Marinepassengershipsthe future

Long gone are the days when ocean and sea vessels were the only form of transport that allowed cargo and passengers to be transported between divided oceans, countries and continents. However, in the near future, the role of sea-going vessels may again become irreplaceable.

New types of engines will allow the ships of the future to reach speeds close to the speeds of airliners, while providing passengers with comfort and safety.

Based on today's designs of designers, sea passenger ships of the future will be embodied in high-speed passenger-and-freight ferries, as well as real floating cities, which will accommodate more than 6,000 passengers on board. Sea travelers on such liners can use the services of supermarkets, ice rinks and even water parks with sandy beaches. Sailing yachts will remain very popular among sports and outdoor enthusiasts in the future. Unlike marine passenger ships of the future, yachts of the new generation will be equipped with more advanced sails and navigation systems controlled by a computer. As a result, these small sailing ships will become more maneuverable and safer.

After 2030, the so-called magnetohydrodynamic engines based on an MHD generator may be widely used in shipbuilding. The generator circuit includes superconductors cooled by liquid helium. A marine engine generates a motive force through the magnetohydrodynamic effect by applying a magnetic field to an electrically conductive fluid. The working medium for the MHD generator of the vessel is sea water.

Conclusion

Transport ships are used to transport goods and passengers. Passenger ships. This type of ships is subdivided into regular, cruise and local services. Regular ships operate scheduled passenger lines between certain ports. The largest and fastest cruise ships are usually called liners.

Cruise ships, which have become especially widespread in recent years, are intended for tourist travel and the recreation of passengers. They do not have a permanent line and fly between ports that are rich in historical monuments, with long anchorages in scenic spots.

Local ships are used to transport passengers in coastal areas and resort areas. For these purposes, hydrofoils and passenger boats are widely used.

Listusedliterature

1.http: //seaspirit.ru/shipbuilding/ustrojstvo-sudna/passazhirskie-suda.html

2.http: //thought.ucoz.ua/news/morskie_passazhirskie_suda_budushhego

3.http: //river-forum.ru/faq.php?faq\u003dsprav_rech

4.http: //www.infoflotforum.ru/topic/6415-morskie-passazhirskie-suda/

5.http: //www.seaships.ru/passanger.htm

6.http: //seaspirit.ru/shipbuilding/ustrojstvo-sudna/passazhirskie-suda.html

7.http: //sea-man.org/passazhirskie-suda.html

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What is a Passenger Ship?

Passenger ships are designed to carry passengers. They are easily recognizable by their high superstructures and long rows of side windows (this is how the round windows in the ship's hull are called).

Previously, up to four huge chimneys towered above the deck of a passenger ship. These days these ships have either a single chimney or exhaust struts, which are usually located in pairs at the rear of the stern. The sizes and speeds of passenger ships vary widely.

Passenger ship MSC LIRICA

In addition, some steamships are engaged only in the carriage of passengers (such are the express and cruise ships), while others, along with passenger compartments, also have cargo compartments.
Until the 50s of our century, passenger traffic across the Atlantic and other oceans was carried out mainly by steamships. However, in the future, people began to increasingly prefer airplanes, so in the early 1970s, passenger traffic stopped on almost all transatlantic lines.
Nowadays, as a rule, they travel on cruise ships sailing to the most picturesque corners of the world.

Express Steamships and the Atlantic Blue Ribbon

Already by the beginning of the 1880s, express steamers emerged within the class of passenger ships. Every self-respecting ship-owning company strives for the world's fastest ship - just to attract new passengers.

Governments of a number of states provide subsidies to shipowners in order to ensure that their country's ships receive the Atlantic Blue Ribbon prize. Established in 1840, this prize was awarded to a passenger ship that crossed the Atlantic Ocean faster than others from east to west. A special blue pennant was hung on the mast of the winning ship, and his crew received a cash prize.

"Kaiser Wilhelm" (1897) - the largest and fastest ship of its time

In 1880, the speed record was set by the British ships Arizona and Germanic. With a tonnage of 5000 gross register tons, their speed reached 16 knots. Two years later, the ship "Alaska" (tonnage 6932 br.reg.t) already developed a speed of over 16 knots. In 1884 the speed of the ship "Oregon" (tonnage 7375 GRT) reached 18.56 knots. And in 1886 two vessels of the same type “Umbria” and “Etruria” (tonnage 7718 GRT) set new speed records: 18.9 and 19.65 knots, respectively.

In 1888 they began to build large luxury express steamships. The speed of such vessels exceeded 20 knots. In 1893 the ships "Campania" and "Lukania" developed a speed of more than 21 knots. In 1898, the German steamship Kaiser Wilhelm (14,350 br.reg.t, 22.29 knots) conquered the Blue Ribbon for the first time. After that, until 1907, German ships held the lead.

The ship "Mauritania", which held the Blue Ribbon for as many as twenty years - from 1909 to 1929

Then the British took over again. In 1909 the ship "Mauritania" (tonnage 30,000 GRT) reaches a speed of 26.06 knots. This steamer held the Blue Ribbon until 1929. Other ships, unable to break this record, sought to surpass the "Mauritania" at least in size. Thus, in 1911 and 1912, 45,000 reg.t tonnage steamers “Olympic” and “Titanic” were sent across the Atlantic.
For the latter, this voyage ended in a terrible disaster. The Titanic was already completing its maiden voyage on the Southampton - New York route, when on the night of April 14-15, 1912, 150 kilometers from Newfoundland Island, it hit an iceberg. Despite the warning of the danger, this heavy-duty steamer, considered unsinkable, continued to move at its highest speed - 25 knots.
The captain of the Titanic and the president of the shipping company, who was sailing on it, hoped for the fortress of the ship's double bottom and other means of protection. However, the sharp underwater protrusion of the iceberg cut through the hull of the ship with lightning speed.
A hole almost 100 meters long was formed. Water rushed in and flooded the engine room, and the Titanic came to a stop. The panic began. There was too little room in the lifeboats for the 2,206 people on board. The Titanic sank at 2:20 am. The largest shipwreck in history resulted in the deaths of 1,503 passengers and crew.

In 1913, the largest ship in the world was the German steamer "Emperor"

In 1913, three German giant steamships, the Imperator, Vaterland and Bismarck, began to operate (each tonnage over 50,000 reg.t.). For twenty years they remained the largest ships in the world, but they failed to win the Blue Ribbon. In 1929, the German steamer Bremen (27.83 knots) did it, and a year later it was overtaken by a ship of the same type “Europe” (27.91 knots).
In 1933, the Italian Rex (28.92 knots) won. In 1935 and 1936 the super ships Normandy and Queen Mary appeared, both with a tonnage of 80,000 reg.t. Their speed reached almost 31 knots. The last owner of the Blue Ribbon was the American steamship United States. In 1952 he crossed the Atlantic at a speed of 34.51 knots. There were no new records: with the advent of jet airliners, steamships stopped competing in speed.

Since 1934, the winners have been awarded the Silver Cup. Recently, the court forced the Americans to transfer this cup to one of the British companies, commissioned by the sea catamaran Hoverspeed Great Britn.
In 1990, he crossed the Atlantic Ocean 2 hours 42 minutes faster than the United States ship. Experts, however, questioned this record.
Firstly, the catamaran went from America to Europe, and in this part of the ocean, the westerly wind blows mainly, which, unlike its predecessors, helped the British ship.
Secondly, a catamaran is not a passenger ship. But the court decided otherwise.

What is a reefer ship?

In the second half of the 19th century, the growth of the population of the developed industrial countries of the world was so rapid that their agriculture could no longer feed all the inhabitants. Meanwhile, huge herds of cattle roamed the endless expanses of Australia and South America, the meat of which would be enough for the Europeans. But how can you preserve it when transporting it across the ocean?
And in 1875, an ammonia refrigeration compressor unit was constructed, which developed the required power, and most importantly, it could be mounted on a ship.

In 1877-1880, the first cargo refrigerated holds were equipped on British and French ships.
They brought meat to Europe from South America. The refrigeration units continued to improve - and now it is possible to organize the delivery of meat from Australia. At the beginning of this century, bananas began to be transported from Central America to Europe on refrigerated ships.

At first, there were only separate refrigerating rooms on the cargo ships, but later on, real floating refrigerators appeared, the entire hold of which was reserved for refrigerating chambers.
In shape, these vessels resemble yachts. This impression is completed by their color, usually white. The technical data of modern refrigerated ships are as follows: tonnage over 10,000 bbl.reg.t, speed over 20 knots, temperature in the holds up to -20 ° С.

What is a tanker?

In the middle of the last century, oil production in Pennsylvania (USA) and in the Baku region sharply increased.

At that time, mainly kerosene was made from it, which was used to illuminate homes.

"Gluckauf" - the progenitor of modern tankers

The extracted oil was poured into barrels and delivered to Europe. However, this came at a cost. And so the German ship owner Riedemann converted the Andromeda sailboat into a kind of oil tanker.
After that, Riedemann began to build at one of the British shipyards the first special tanker "Gluckauf" ("Happy Return"). It was ready in 1886.
At first, people were wary of the new ship. It was called a "floating bomb", because next to the most dangerous cargo the fire of steam boilers blazed with might and main. But technical progress could not be stopped.

The demand for liquid fuel was increasing. It increased especially sharply after the invention of internal combustion engines and the diesel engine. In 1914, 340 sea tankers, each with a tonnage of more than 1,000 reg.t., were built in the world.
And in 1939, the number of such tankers exceeded 1700. The largest of them was the German “K.O. Shtilman ". Its tonnage was 16 436 GRT, and its carrying capacity was 24 000 tons.

After the Second World War, due to the rapid development of the economy, the demand for energy resources increased significantly. Oil remained the most important energy source, so the countries where it was produced had to supply it in ever larger quantities. New large tankers are under construction. Now these ships, and not passenger steamers, compete with each other, trying to surpass each other in size.

Tankers are relatively slow-moving ships. Their speed rarely exceeds 16 knots. Until the 1960s, tankers could be recognized from afar by one characteristic feature of their design: the chimney was in their stern, and in the middle of the ship was the captain's bridge. Later, all superstructures are transferred to the stern.

The largest tanker in the world "Batillus"

Tankers are designed to transport any liquid cargo: crude oil, gasoline, vegetable oil, wine ... Modern food tankers can simultaneously transport more than twenty liquid products, and they are stored at different temperatures.
When fats and tar products are transported, tankers are equipped with special heating systems, because if such a cargo solidifies, it cannot be pumped out by a pump.

What is a bulk carrier?

Bulk carriers are used to transport the so-called bulk cargo: for example, ore, coal, cement, fertilizers, grain, sugar and others. Such ships usually do not have cargo rigging - upon arrival at their destination, they are unloaded using special port mechanisms.

Today, the largest bulk carriers are capable of carrying up to 160,000 tons of cargo in one trip.

Bulk carrier POLA ATLANTIC with cranes

What is ferry?

Bridges are usually built across rivers and narrow sea straits. Where it is technically impossible (or economically unprofitable), ferries are used for crossing.
The prototype of these ships was the tiny wooden boats that ferrymen used to transport people in the old days. In our age of technological progress, mainly self-propelled ferries are operated.

Ferries are passenger and transport. The former transport passengers to the other side of a river, canal, bay or to a nearby island. Carts or carriages were once transported on transport ferries, but now they have been replaced by motor vehicles (therefore, such ferries are also called automobile ferries).
There are also sea car ferries, which we will talk about later.

In the middle of the 19th century, the construction of railways began in many countries of the world. But often their laying was hampered by large water barriers, through which it was impossible to build a railway bridge.
This problem was faced not only by the island states (Great Britain, Japan), but also, for example, by the United States in the Great Lakes region and on the coast, heavily indented by bays. They solved it by inventing railway ferries: they began to build ships with rails on the deck, which, thanks to special ferry berths, exactly aligned with the track of the railway. The train entered the deck, and the ferry transported it to the other side.

Over time, rail ferries have improved. So, in 1903 between the German port of Warnemünde and the Swedish Gesser ferries with a tonnage of only 1500 reg.t. Now this figure reaches 20,000 bbl.reg.t.

What is a dry cargo ship?

Dry cargo ships have been the backbone of the world's merchant fleet for a century. Container ships are more commonly used these days.

The first dry cargo ships appeared in the 70s of the XIX century. From that time until the 1960s, their appearance remained almost unchanged, although many innovations were introduced into their design. All superstructures were located in the middle of the ship, and a chimney towered above them.
Up to six loading hatches were located in front and behind the captain's bridge (depending on the size of the ship). Several conventional and cargo masts were also installed there.

A wide variety of goods were transported on dry cargo vessels, except for those that were delivered by special ships (refrigerators, tankers, bulk carriers). Often on such ships there was a certain number of passenger cabins.

Usually dry cargo ships went on schedule, but there were also those that, without any schedule, went to where there was any cargo for them. Such ships are called trump ("tramps").

The first bulk carriers were very slow. Their speed did not exceed 10 knots. Back in 1950, a dry cargo ship, moving at a speed of 15 knots, was considered fast. Meanwhile, the volume and pace of world trade increased.
Therefore, in the 1960s, high-speed dry cargo ships were created. These were vessels with a tonnage of about 11,000 br.reg.t, developing speeds up to 25 knots. They allowed to reduce the time of transportation of goods, but the problem was not finally solved.

And now, when the last dry-cargo vessels were still being laid at the shipyards, they began to build the first container ships, which significantly accelerated the transshipment work in ports.

What are the main types of fishing boats?

In the 80s of the XIX century, special fishing vessels also appeared. In those days, a trawl (a mesh bag with a hole for fishing) was thrown directly over the side of the ship. Through the side, the net with the catch was pulled back.

Steamers of this design existed until the 1950s, when the first trawlers with aft trawling began to be built. On such vessels, the catch is lifted upward using a stern slip. The size of the trawls increased and fewer fishermen could pull them out.

Trawler Nida

Trawlers are the largest of the fishing vessels. They have good seaworthiness and go fishing far from the port. The carrying capacity of the trawler reaches 800 tons. There are also other specialized vessels for fishing.
For example, drifters place nets on the surface of the sea, and fast seiners hunt schools of fish with a purse net.

Since the 1960s, vessels of a new type have been created - fish processing vessels. On them, the fish caught is immediately cut up and fillets and other semi-finished products are made from it.

What is a whaling ship?

Whalers are also considered fishing vessels, although a whale is not a fish at all, but a huge mammal. In the 17th and 19th centuries, whales were hunted from large rowing boats. Whalers tried to hit their victims with a spear or harpoon. In this fierce duel, the whales often won, attacking the pursuing ships and smashing them into chips in a rage.

If it was possible to kill the whale, then the boat towed its carcass to a large ship - a floating base, where fat (blubber) was melted from the dead animal.

In the era of steamships, industrial whaling began. Whole fleets of whaling ships appear, led by a huge floating base, which is a real plant for cutting and processing whale carcasses.

The whalers themselves are small high-speed ships armed with a special cannon. The harpoon it releases, tied to a strong rope, pierces the body of the whale and holds the animal as if on a hook. This cruel fishery reduced the number of whales so much that in the 1960s almost all countries abandoned it.

There are also other fishing vessels adapted, for example, for hunting seals or catching crabs.

What other types of ships are there?

There are a lot of them. A variety of ships ply the sea. Some check sea routes and monitor their safety, others ensure the smooth operation of ports, etc. Such vessels are called auxiliary.

In the 19th century, a network of submarine cables was stretched across the oceans to establish fast communication between Europe and America and other parts of the world. Special cable-laying vessels were engaged in this. And these days, although we often prefer radio or satellite communications, there is still plenty of work for these ships.

There are floating beacons near river mouths and in shallow waters, which show the way for ships. True, in recent years they are increasingly being replaced by signal towers or buoys, which must be constantly checked. This is also done by special courts.

We must not forget about tugboats. Some of them help large sea steamers to enter a narrow river channel or escort them through the port water area to their stop. Sea tugs pull large floating docks or lighters behind them, rush to help ships that have run aground.

Rescue ships come to the aid of the shipwrecked. These are small, maneuverable and practically unsinkable ships that develop tremendous speed.

Icebreakers have become indispensable helpers of sailors who sail in the freezing seas. The first icebreaker in history was designed and built by the Russian Admiral Makarov. The ship with a displacement of 8,730 tons, called "Ermak", had a streamlined hull so that the ice would not crush it during lateral compression, but only pushed it upward, a beveled nose like an iron, for crawling onto ice floes and unusually powerful engines.

In the summer of 1899 "Ermak" made a test voyage in the waters of the Arctic (which ended in failure, however) and since then took part in many "ice campaigns" and rescue expeditions, continuing to serve until 1963. We have listed far from all types of ships.

There are also pilot boats, drill ships, research ships, bunker ships, floating cranes, fire boats, and all kinds of river vessels.

Shipbuilding in the 20th century

The shape of ships has undergone significant changes over the course of our century.

In 1900, the steamers had a sharp vertical stem and an oblique elliptical stern. The decks ran from bow to stern, describing a smooth arc with a characteristic sheer. Then the aft part of the vessel began to be rounded.
In the 1930s, they began to build ships with a protruding stem. This form is widespread today. In the 60s, shipbuilders again returned to the transom stern, that is, the stern with a flat cut, well known since the days of the sailing fleet.
At the same time, they began to build ships with a bulbous nose. Its name is associated with a torpedo-shaped, spherical or barrel-shaped thickening in the underwater part, due to which the ship's speed increases sharply, and less fuel is consumed.

A vessel with a traditional bow (left) is driving a high wave in front of it. To cope with it, the engine consumes a lot of energy. The bulbous nose (right) allows the wave to be “damped”. Thanks to it, water resistance is significantly reduced.

In the 50s, riveting hammers were abandoned in shipbuilding. Ships were built from welded structures. And from the end of the 60s shipbuilders began to be guided exclusively by the principle of rationality. Now only the underwater part of the ship is given a streamlined shape, but the rest of the ship's geometry is extremely simple: straight decks, ribbed superstructures. Vertical and horizontal lines reign everywhere. Exceptions are made only for passenger liners.

Marine machinery has also changed a lot over the past hundred years. At the beginning of the century, the fastest ships were powered by turbines. For the first time they were equipped in 1901, "King Edward" - a ferry that ply between the shores of the English Channel. And just six years later, the turbine ship Lusitania won the Blue Ribbon.

In 1912, sea ships appeared. The first one was called "Zealand"; he sailed under the Danish flag. In the 1920s and 1930s, ships with diesel and turboelectric drives were created.
At the same time, high-pressure boilers are being improved. Since the 1960s, the shipbuilding industry has increasingly used the high-speed diesel engine. It takes up much less space than a huge slow-speed diesel engine. During the Second World War, ships with gas turbine engines became widespread.

It remains to mention the so-called nuclear-powered ships. True, professionals say that this term is not entirely accurate. The fact is that an atomic reactor only generates energy, thanks to which the water in the ship's boiler heats up and turns into steam; it is he who sets the turbines in motion.
Most often, a nuclear reactor is installed on warships. Taking on board a supply of uranium "fuel", an aircraft carrier or a submarine can be in the open sea for a very long time. Some Arctic icebreakers are also equipped with nuclear reactors. The first of these was the Soviet nuclear-powered vessel Lenin, built in 1959.

Most modern large ships have special thrusters that are installed on the bow or stern. Thanks to them, the ship can move sideways, which is very convenient for maneuvering in narrow waters. If it were not for these rudders, no vessel would have been able to moor or leave without the help of a tug.

Ship safety

If we wanted to even very briefly talk about all the technical innovations that help us make sea voyages safer, we would have to write another book for the "What is what" series. Therefore, we will mention only three main achievements of the 20th century in this area.

1 In the 1900s, ships began to be equipped with radiotelegraphs. At first, he appeared on passenger ships, and later on all other ships. Since that time, sailors throughout the voyage maintain constant contact with land and can ask for help at any moment.

2 Today, ships are equipped with radars (this is a radio detection and distance determination system, named after the first letters of the words of the corresponding English expression: Radio Detecting and Ranging). Radars keep the ship safe at night or when sailing in fog. Previously, they were used only in the navy.

3 In the 1980s, the computer satellite navigation system became widespread. Now, using data received from satellites, you can at any time and in any weather find out the exact location of the vessel and much, much more that you need to know for safe navigation.

Recently, scientists have been working hard on the "electronic nautical chart". Some ships are already using it.

The SOLAS Convention (1974 editions) assumes the division of passenger ships all over the world into six main types, depending on the technical features and tasks that the ship is capable of performing.

Cruise ships

This category of passenger ships includes large passenger ships with a large displacement and carrying capacity, high speed characteristics and an increased level of safety, which are engaged in the carriage of passengers on certain international routes with calls at pre-planned open ports for tourist purposes. Cruise liners are gigantic hotels on the water with a large number of cabins for passengers and a developed ship infrastructure, a large crew and service personnel, creating a high level of safety and living comfort. The cruise does not imply loading and unloading associated cargo and third-party passengers, and the maneuverability of cruise ships in port waters remains a problem - to enter ports, they often need the help of BV and BM shunting tugs, as well as BTO pusher tugs.

Ocean and sea liners

This type of passenger ships, which previously actively transported a large number of passengers on scheduled routes, is now practically obsolete - other types of transport (aviation) offer the fastest transportation times, so most of the scheduled liners have gradually been converted into cruise liners. However, in terms of safety, living comfort and capabilities, this type of passenger vessel can still be considered unrivaled.

Deep-sea river vessels

Vessels of this type are still popular on large rivers, have a relatively large tonnage and are capable of carrying up to 1000 people in one voyage. However, the global market for these vessels is gradually shrinking, and most of them are being upgraded to cruise ships-hotels with superior cabins, offering a wide range of entertainment and water recreation.

Cruise ferries

A specific type of cruise and passenger water transport, widely used on international medium-haul lines. Its peculiarity can be considered the fact that the ferry combines the functions of a cruise ship and at the same time can carry a certain number of passengers, vehicles and luggage along passing routes from port to port. Cruise ferries are roomy, comfortable and safe, but their speed and maneuverability characteristics are slightly lower than those of ocean cruise liners.

Motor ships

Today it is the most numerous type of self-propelled passenger ships that is capable of transporting passengers on international, domestic sea and river lines, on local lines along lakes and water canals. Motor ships have replaced steamships, use an internal combustion engine on diesel fuel, have a high cruising speed and shallow draft, and therefore can be used as a regular or cruise transport (depending on the equipment and onboard equipment). Turbos are considered one of the fastest varieties today.

Yachts

At the moment, only relatively large representatives of this family of small vessels can be attributed to passenger ships - sports yachts cannot be attributed to them. Passenger yachts powered by motor or sailing power are now actively used in short sea or river cruises, they can cover quite long distances, and due to their compact dimensions and high maneuverability, they have practically no problems with calls to any port.

The material was prepared according to the information provided by the service "Search for a ship" using which you can find a ship for recreation or events. Renting a motor ship from the owner is a sure way to save time, money and money.

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