Unicum is an unusual place on the planet. Natural uniqueness of Russia
Objectives: to study the location of natural complexes in the Far East; to generate knowledge about the uniqueness of the natural conditions of various regions of the Far East; improve the ability to explain this uniqueness when solving cognitive problems.
During the classes
I. Testing knowledge and skills on the topic “The Far East: a land of contrasts.”
It is advisable to test the level of assimilation of knowledge and skills in a condensed form. Factual knowledge can be tested frontally in the form of a short multiple-choice test.
1) Match: Age of folding
a) Mesozoic;
b) Pacific.
Territory
1) Sikhote-Alin Ridge;
2) Kamchatka Peninsula;
3) Kuril Islands;
2) The Earth’s crust of the Far East is formed by:
a) areas of Mesozoic and Pacific folding;
b) the area of the Pacific fold and the ancient platform;
c) ancient platform and area of Mesozoic folding.
3) The territory of the Far East is washed by:
a) the Pacific Ocean;
b) the Pacific and Arctic oceans.
4) Geysers are located:
a) in Kamchatka;
b) in Kamchatka and Sakhalin;
c) in Kamchatka, Sakhalin and Primorye.
5) Isotherms on the territory of the Far East extend meridianally:
c) all year round.
b) In summer in Primorye the main direction of movement of air masses is:
a) from sea to land;
b) from land to sea;
c) by sea along land
1) Match: Age of folding
a) Mesozoic;
b) Pacific.
Territory
1) Sakhalin Island;
2) Dzhugjur ridge;
3) Koryak Highlands.
2) The Earth's crust of the Far East is formed by:
a) ancient platform and area of Mesozoic folding;
b) the area of the Pacific fold and the ancient platform;
c) areas of Mesozoic and Pacific folding.
3) The great contrast of the nature of the Far East is predetermined by the large extent of the territory:
a) from north to south;
b) from west to east.
4) Active volcanoes are located:
a) on the Kuril Islands;
b) on the Kuril Islands and Kamchatka;
c) on the Kuril Islands, Kamchatka and Sakhalin.
5) In winter in Primorye the main direction of movement of air masses is:
a) from sea to land;
6) from land to sea;
c) by sea along the land.
b) In the south of the Far East the rivers have:
a) snow feeding and summer floods;
b) rain nutrition and summer floods;
c) rain nutrition and spring
flood_______________
Definitions can be read in the following sequence:
1) Regions of the earth's crust characterized by high mobility.
2) A tropical cyclone that forms in the seas off the coast of East Asia causes heavy rains.
3) A deep-sea depression in the oceans.
4) The introduction of magma into the thickness of the rocks of the earth's crust.
5) A device that records vibrations of the earth's crust during earthquakes.
6) Giant waves that occur during an earthquake at the bottom of the sea.
7) Annually recurring seasonal high and prolonged rise in water level, accompanied by flooding of the river floodplain.
8) The wind blows from land to sea in winter, and from sea to land in summer.
9) A cone-shaped mountain with a depression at the top.
10) Science that studies the structure and movement of the earth's crust.
11) Hot springs, periodically operating in the form of fountains.
12) A place on the earth’s surface above the earthquake source located in the bowels of the Earth.
13) Flat hill with well-defined steep slopes.
Answers:
Option I - 7, 12, 9, 10, 8, 1, 11.3, 5, 13, 6, 2, 4.
Option II - 7, 2, 5, 4, 6, 13, 3, 11.9, 1, 8, 12, 10.
II. Gaining new knowledge.
This block of the lesson begins with restoring in the students’ memory the general concept of a natural-territorial complex. The teacher organizes work on analyzing the soil map and vegetation map.
1) What is a natural complex?
2) What general features characterize each natural complex of the Earth’s surface?
3) What is the basis for the isolation of PTC?
4) In what natural zones is the territory of the Far East located?
5) What natural zones occupy Primorye, Sakhalin, Kamchatka?
6) Using the soil map, determine the types of soils in Primorye.
Usually students answer these questions correctly, and the teacher only needs to emphasize that each natural complex is characterized not only by general characteristics, but also by the originality, uniqueness, and individuality of natural conditions.
In the last lesson, students were given advanced tasks. And now they tell, using clarity, about the harshness and beauty of the nature of the Chukotka and Koryak highlands, Kamchatka, Sakhalin, the Amur region, and the islands of the Pacific Ocean. Usually there are no problems with the selection of material, but the teacher can offer such passages.
Volcanoes in Kamchatka
“Klyuchevskaya Sopka is the highest volcano in Kamchatka: 4750 m above sea level. But he is not the only one on the Kamchatka Peninsula, there are many of them.
Volcanoes smoke and occasionally emit lava. For every volcano there comes an hour when, amid the peals of an underground roar, a black pillar rises high into the sky, illuminated from below, from the crater, by a crimson flame; then arrows of lightning begin to sparkle, rain of ash and a hail of hot stone bombs begin to fall on the ground, and rivers of fire pour out from the mouth of the volcano, foaming and hissing, emitting a strong smell of sulfur.
In the fall of 1966, Klyuchevskaya Sopka woke up and began to go wild. IN last years The study of this volcano has progressed. An institute of volcanology has been established in Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky. In the timber industry village of Klyuchi, not far from Klyuchevskaya Sopka, there is a volcanological station.
A volcano-physical station was also built at the foot of another volcano - Avachinskaya Sopka. This is the first scientific station located on an active volcano. Climbers and volcanologists not only climb to the top of the volcano, but also descend into the crater.”
(According to N. Mikhailov.)
“We were approaching the crater... Molten rocks had recently burst out of it... We knew that now the crater was not active, but still it was, although closed, a hole communicating with the hot layers of the earth. And who knows how strong his “plug” was!..
We descended carefully. Needless to say, we feel like heroes...
I sat on a big round bomb. The deep silence was broken only by the slight hiss of hot jets. I looked at the stones surrounding me and thought about how here, in the land of fire-breathing mountains, the usual ideas about many objects change. There are stones around me. They vary in color, strength, and composition. But they all have one thing in common: they are very young. We are accustomed to the fact that the stones that we encounter every day, whether they are beautiful pebbles on the seashore or rough debris on the roads, overhanging rocks in cliffs on the river bank or, finally, high mountains, all of them are multi-million years old.
The stones that surrounded me had just come into being. These are newborn stones. Some of them are perhaps only 2-3 years old. Until that time, they were not stones, but a fiery melt, magma with a temperature of several thousand degrees. Magma poured onto the surface of the earth and received another name: lava. The lava was also liquid and hot at first. It is difficult to imagine that just recently the bottom of the crater, along which we so boldly walk, was a gigantic cauldron in which a dazzlingly bright liquid - molten stones - boiled and seethed. Just recently, the lava, boiling, overflowed over the edge of the crater, and these now cold stones, wet with dew, flowed in a stormy stream, scattering sparkling splashes around.”
(According to G. Ganeizer.)
Eruption of Shiveluch volcano
"From ancient times local residents Kamchatka volcanoes were divided into “smoking mountains” and “fire-breathing mountains.” Shiveluch was considered a “smoking mountain”, weakly active, only moving from time to time. Hence, apparently, the name Shiveluch (Sheveluch). Over the past two centuries, only 6 eruptions have been recorded. During the same time, Klyuchevskaya Sopka erupted 20 times, Avachinskaya -
Meanwhile, Shiveluch, as evidenced by the chronicle of the Earth, is one of the oldest volcanoes on the peninsula. It is more than 5 thousand years old...
In early February, on a clear, frosty afternoon, a fiery red column of ash rose from the smoking crater of the Shiveluch volcano. The wind carried him to the west. Falling off, the cooled ashes covered the snow in the valleys with a thick layer and completely transformed the taiga, turning the trees dull gray. Residents of the Kamchadal village of Kamaki reported the incident to the volcanological station...
Meanwhile, the volcano's activity intensified. With each passing hour, the column of ash blown out of the crater became thicker, and the wind could no longer blow it away. Ash spread across the sky in a swirling cloud and fell into dry, ringing rain.
Scientists, notified by messengers, arrived at the eruption site...
Only in the evening we managed to reach the crater. Despite the hot air, there was snow at an altitude of 2000 m, and it was very cold on the slopes of the hill... explosions and shaking of the soil followed with increasing force. Fortunately, the volcanic bombs fell away from the scientists' tent. A hot cloud of ash and fragments of stones suddenly blew out of the crankcase and rolled down the slope. But suddenly it rose up, revealing fiery red lava on the dome...
Hot ash, getting under the mask, blinded my eyes and burned my face. It became unbearably stuffy. The air, saturated with poisonous gases, took my breath away. A fiery rockfall began. Hot debris, like shrapnel, hit the stone behind which the scientists were sitting.
Continuously throughout the day, volcanologists monitored the temperature of the dome and dry flow, studied the composition of lava, ash and sublimates, and determined the dynamics of the Shiveluch eruption.
A few years later, a permanent observation base was established on the ridge of the volcano.”
(According to S. Bytovoy.)
The underground boiler room of the planet
“It’s a frosty winter day. Calm and sunny - a happy combination in these parts. Dozens of skiers head to the village of Paratunka, which is located 50 km from Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky, on such days. One after another, snow-covered hills are left behind - and suddenly... a valley covered with delicate greenery. Stop, skiers! Winter ends here. Steam swirls over a small lake, and swimmers splash in its water. Warmth. It’s probably even hot in ski suits, although the contemplation of the snow, which lies in a dense layer just a few hundred meters away, involuntarily sends goosebumps down your body. But then the clothes are shed, and the skiers jump into the steamy lake. Fine! The sun is shining with all its might. The snow sparkles under its rays, and the delicate greenery covering the shore of the lake stretches even more persistently upward.
Fantastic? Perhaps. But only for those who have never visited Kamchatka, this region rich in natural wonders.”
(According to L. Shevchenko.)
At the Kamchatka geysers
“Everything here is saturated with the smell of sulfur. The slopes of the Valley of Geysers are hot, they are covered with strange flowers made of crystalline sulfur, whitish patterns made of ammonia, and roses of the finest work. Near the geysers, the slopes are covered with geyserite - siliceous deposits of salts of mineralized water. These are deposits of pearl, brown, or bright orange shades. In the valley there are many warm, hot and boiling lakes and just puddles of various colors (from sky blue and turquoise to brick red). In the thickets of the shelomine, mud pots snort and spit, and on the slopes with springs, every centimeter puffs and gurgles like tiny hot fountains - living its own intense life, reminiscent of the distant past of our Earth. The soil hums underfoot, and treacherously green grass grows in the hottest areas. Don't step on it - you'll get burned!
The valley is especially beautiful in the early evening hours, when the air becomes cooler and the whole valley is smoking with many columns, streams and wisps of steam. Huge, fantastically ominous clouds of it slowly rise above the geysers, covering the sun and the sides of the valley. In the first 30 seconds of the eruption of the Giant, one of the largest geysers, a powerful jet of hot water shoots 30-35 m up, and a column of steam reaches a height of 300-400 m.
There are 20 large geysers in the valley. They have interesting names, given for their character traits or the color of the geyserite: Firstborn, Neighbor, Sugar, Fickle, Big Stove, Fountain, Weeping... No one can say how many years geysers live. But, of course, they can be born and die.”
(According to various sources.)
In the final part of the lesson, to activate the cognitive interest of students, develop their thinking and develop the ability to independently explain natural phenomena, the teacher offers a task.
The Commander Islands are located at the latitude of Moscow. However, if in the Moscow region there is a zone of mixed forests, then on the islands there is forest-tundra. Explain the severity of natural conditions on the Commander Islands.
If students find it difficult to explain, the teacher teaches them the techniques of a logical approach:
1) highlight the main natural factor under the influence of which conditions are formed natural areas on the plains (climate);
2) determine, using maps, the features of climatic conditions on the islands in comparison with the climate of the Moscow region and the factors that explain these climatic features on the islands (the Commander climate is formed under the influence of the cold Kamchatka current and cold air masses with Bering Sea, Pacific Ocean and North-Eastern Siberia, therefore the climate of the islands is colder and harsher than in the Moscow region);
3) identify the causes of low summer temperatures on the islands; It is known that vegetation develops in summer, so it is important to explain why in summer the sea temperate air from the Pacific Ocean is very cool and humid over the islands (to answer this
question it is necessary to use not only geographical knowledge
about the influence of the cold Kamchatka Current on the thermal properties of sea air, but also knowledge in physics about the large specific heat capacity of water, energy absorption during evaporation and the large specific heat of vaporization, and explain the features of the interaction of the atmosphere with the surface of the ocean, as a result of which in the summer over the ocean in temperate latitudes the formation of cool and humid marine air masses;
4) draw a conclusion about the influence of harsh climate on the development of vegetation and soils on the islands, guided by the idea of the interaction of components in natural complexes using the example of the relationship between climate - vegetation - soils.
The vegetation map shows that the tundra and thickets of dwarf cedar and alder in the Far East extend far to the south, in some places to a latitude of 50°. Explain the reasons for this natural phenomenon.
The peculiarity of this task is that students must name reasons explaining this a natural phenomenon, not only climate, but also other natural factors, permafrost, location of mountain ranges and their height above sea level.
Using maps, compare natural conditions Chukotka and Kola Peninsulas, located at the same latitude. Explain the similarities and differences.
Explain why excess moisture is observed almost everywhere in the Far East. Why does the Pacific Coast receive most of its precipitation in the summer? Why is the amount of total solar radiation in the south of the Far East less than at the same latitude inside the continent?
There are currently 650 glaciers on the Koryak Highlands with a total area of 216 km2. The snow line lies at an altitude of 1200-1700 m, and on the eastern slopes in some places it drops to 500-600 m. Explain why there is modern glaciation on the Koryak Highlands, while in the Urals there are no glaciers at the same latitude and altitude.
Homework: § 42, prepare a report on the history of the discovery and development of the territory of the Far East.
Lesson Objectives: To develop students’ knowledge about the natural complexes of the Far East, to develop students’ knowledge about the natural regions of Russia, to instill in students a caring attitude towards nature.
EDUCATIONAL TASKS
I. Educational
To develop students’ knowledge about the natural complexes of the Far East
To develop students’ knowledge about the natural features of the Chukotka Highlands
To develop students’ knowledge about the nature of the Kamchatka Peninsula
To develop students’ knowledge about the features of the nature of Sakhalin
To develop students’ knowledge about the nature of Primorye
To develop students’ knowledge about the natural uniqueness of the Far East
II. Developmental
Ability to work with various sources of information, ability to highlight the main thing, systematize material, ability to see cause-and-effect relationships;
Independence in replenishing knowledge, nurturing patriotism, environmental awareness, interest in the subject
III. Educational
Convince students that studying the Far East is necessary for the socio-economic development of the country and human economic activity
Facilities and equipment: textbook, atlas, outline maps, notebook, map of the Far East, map of Russia
DURING THE CLASSES
I. Organizational moment
Greeting, checking absentees, checking preparedness for the lesson
II. Checking homework
When checking homework, we use the frontal type of questioning.
General geographical location of Eastern Siberia
Features of the climate (type of climate, its main characteristics)
General characteristics of the relief
Which natural regions Have we studied Eastern Siberia?
What types natural resources found in Eastern Siberia? (examples)
Updating knowledge
Motivation to learn new material
Teacher : So, we have already studied almost all natural regions of Russia. Today we will begin to study the last region - the Far East. Let's get acquainted with the natural complexes of the Far East, the natural features of the region and some unique things of the Far East
Natural complexes of the Far East. Natural uniqueness.(write on the board)
The method of presenting new material is a story-conversation.
Teacher : The position of the territory of the Far East on the border of the largest continent and the largest ocean on Earth significantly influenced the characteristics of the region’s natural-territorial complexes and their location. Marine air masses arriving on land in summer are colder than the continent. Therefore, due to the heat spent on warming them up, summer air temperatures over the coast are significantly lower than in the interior parts of the mainland. Sea air brings a lot of moisture, which leads to an increase in precipitation compared to inland areas. These conditions are the main reason for the sharp shift in the south of the boundaries of natural zones in the Far East compared to mainland territories.
Teacher : Let's remember what factors form the basis for the zoning of natural regions?
Student : Relief
Student : Animal world
Student : Vegetation
Teacher
:
The physical-geographical zoning of the Far East is based on two factors: the structural features of the surface and the nature of vegetation. Let's consider the most typical physical and geographical regions of the Far East: the Chukotka tundra highlands, the Kamchatka young tundra-forested mountains, Sakhalin Island with coniferous-deciduous forests, the Ussuri taiga.
Chukotka Highlands.
Teacher : Let's mark the Chukotka Plateau on contour maps
The climate of the Chukotka Highlands is one of the harshest in the Far East. Therefore, the Chukotka Plateau is a combination of flat and mountain tundras with a mountainous Arctic desert. In the north of the Chukotka Peninsula, the mountain tundra rises no higher than 100-200 m; in the south, the tundra is located much higher. Common inhabitants of the tundra are reindeer, arctic fox, lemmings and tundra partridges. Many waterfowl nest in the swampy lowlands. On the coast of the Chukchi Sea there are walrus rookeries, and on the coastal cliffs there are bird colonies.
Kamchatka Peninsula.
Teacher : The nature of Kamchatka is no less interesting. But before we begin to study this complex in more detail, let’s get acquainted with the history of the development of the complex.
An oral response from one of the students is heard
Historical reference.
The first information about Kamchatka was obtained from the “tales” (reports) of explorers. The honor of discovering Kamchatka belongs to Vladimir Atlasov, who made trips there in 1697-1699. Soon Kamchatka was included in Russia. He also drew up a drawing (map) of Kamchatka and gave a detailed description of it.
As a result of the First (1725-1730) and Second (1733-1743) Kamchatka expeditions under the leadership of the famous Russian navigator Vitus Bering, the division of Asia and North America, the Aleutian and Commander Islands were discovered, maps were compiled, and valuable material about Kamchatka was collected. S.P. Krasheninnikov took part in the Second Kamchatka Expedition, whose work “Description of the Land of Kamchatka” is one of the classic works of geographical literature.
In the 19th century voyages from St. Petersburg to Russian America began with an obligatory stop at Kamchatka and Petropavlovsk. During this period, Petropavlovsk became Russia's main base in the Far East. The city is located on the shores of the unusually beautiful Avacha Bay, a part of Avacha Bay that juts deep into the land. Avachinskaya, Koryakskaya and Vilyuchanskaya hills rise above it.
Teacher
:
Kamchatka is a country of natural contrasts, extraordinary originality, and captivating beauty. Mountains, active and extinct volcanoes, vast valleys and lowlands, mountain and lowland rivers, cold and hot mineral springs- all this is on the peninsula.
This is one of the most remote corners of the country from the European center of Russia. About 2/3 of Kamchatka's area is occupied by mountains. This is an area of young folded volcanic mountains with tundra and forest vegetation. Along the entire peninsula stretch two ridges - Sredinny and Vostochny, separated by the Central Kamchatka depression with the Kamchatka River flowing through it. The ridges are topped with volcanic cones with snow caps and glaciers. From time to time, Kamchatka is shaken by volcanic eruptions. There are about 30 active and more than 130 extinct volcanoes. One of the most active and highest volcanoes world - Klyuchevskaya Sopka, its height is 4750 m.
Teacher : Find active volcanoes on the atlas maps, mark them on the contour map (Ichinskaya Sopka, Mutnovskaya Sopka, Koryakskaya Sopka, Shuveluch volcano, Kronotskaya Sopka)
Teacher : Do you think volcanoes have an impact on the nature of Kamchatka?
Active volcanic activity affects many other features of nature. Thus, as a result of eruptions, soils periodically receive additional portions of primary minerals, which ensures their high fertility. Forecast volcanic eruptions deals with the science of volcanology.
Teacher : Do you think it is necessary to monitor volcanoes and why?
Almost all large volcanoes have special stations where, with the help of modern instruments, they monitor the temperature of rocks, conduct chemical analyzes of gases, and listen to the crater of the volcano. In a few days, it is possible to predict the beginning of increased volcanic activity and warn residents of surrounding towns and villages.
The climate of Kamchatka is characterized by excess humidity throughout the year. The driest and warmest place is the Central Kamchatka depression. The Kamchatka Peninsula occupies a subzone of coniferous and birch park forests. The specificity of this subzone is the predominance of small-leaved trees (stone and Japanese birches) over conifers and the widespread occurrence of tall grasses. Common herbs include shelamaynik, basilisk, bear's flute and other umbelliferous herbs. The mountain ranges are covered with thickets of dwarf cedar and shrubby alder; even higher are mountain tundras, alpine meadows and snow zone Kamchatka glaciers. The dwarf cedar forests are inhabited by very large brown bears, Kamchatka sables, squirrels, chipmunks, lynx, Kamchatka nutcrackers, etc. Reindeer live in the mountain tundras, and bighorn sheep graze in the alpine mountain meadows.
Sakhalin- most big Island Russia, its area is 76,400 square meters. km, the length from north to south is more than 900 km, the greatest width is 160 km, the smallest is 47 km.
The island is mountainous, but the mountains are not high - the average height is 500 - 800 m. The highest point of the island is Mount Lopatina in the East Sakhalin Mountains. Its height is 1609 m above sea level. Sakhalin is located in the seismically active zone of the Pacific Ring of Fire, which is why frequent earthquakes occur within its borders. The last one, with a force of 8, occurred in 1995. The geological structure of Sakhalin consists mainly of sedimentary rocks, which are associated with deposits of oil, gas, and building materials.
A characteristic feature of Sakhalin's climate is high relative humidity and frequent winds. Precipitation is clearly distributed across the seasons, which is explained by the dominance of the monsoon circulation.
The island has many short, rapids mountain rivers and mountain and valley lakes. Vegetable and animal world The islands are poorer than those on the mainland. But in the adjacent sea waters there are preserved species that have disappeared or are very rare on the mainland, for example, the one and a half meter sea otter and the two-meter fur seal. In the north of the island you can find reindeer moss, and in the far south you can find blooming magnolias.
Two thirds of Sakhalin's territory is occupied by forests. In the north, the light-coniferous taiga of Daurian larch dominates (let's remember which complex this species is typical for) with an admixture of birch and alder; in the south - dark coniferous forests of Ayan spruce, fir with an admixture of broad-leaved species - oak, yew. Thickets of bamboo and vines are common throughout the south.
Primorye, or Primorsky Krai, located in the southern part of the Far East, on the coast of the Sea of Japan. Its territory could easily accommodate such European countries as Belgium, Holland, Denmark and Switzerland combined. The appearance of the region is characterized by numerous ridges, ridges and isolated hills. Tectonic they are quite young. Almost all the mountains of Primorye belong to the mountainous country of Sikhote-Alin.
The monsoon climate, characteristic of the entire Far East, is most pronounced in Primorye.
Teacher : Let's remember what is typical for this climate
The monsoon climate of the temperate zone is typical for the southern regions of the Far East. Typically, when the continent cools in winter and the resulting increase in atmospheric pressure, dry and cold air rushes towards the warmer air over the ocean. In summer, the continent warms up more than the ocean and now colder oceanic air rushes to the continent, bringing cloudiness and heavy precipitation; sometimes typhoons even form. Average January temperatures here are -15, -30 °C; in summer, in July, +10, +20 "C. Precipitation - 600-800 mm per year - falls mainly in summer. If the melting of snow in the mountains coincides with heavy rains, floods occur. Humidification is excessive everywhere (humidification coefficient is more than one).
In count solar heat Primorye occupies one of the first places in Russia, not inferior to Black Sea coast Caucasus.
The abundance of moisture in the summer contributes to the development of a thick vegetation cover. Most of the territory of Primorye is occupied by the famous Ussuri taiga, in which coniferous and broad-leaved species are combined in the most bizarre way. Cedar and larch grow next to Manchurian walnut and Amur velvet. Over 250 species of trees and shrubs grow in the forests of the region. Primorye occupies one of the first places in Russia in terms of the number of endemics - plants distributed only in this area. Only here do Amur velvet (cork tree), iron birch, Maak euonymus, etc. grow. There are many relict plants in the region that have been preserved since the Neogene.
The fauna of Primorye is diverse and rich. Endemics include the Ussuri tiger, the leatherback turtle, the remains of the Neogene and Quaternary fauna include the sika deer, the Ussuri black bear, the Amur goral antelope, the small graceful mandarin duck, striking in the beauty of its plumage, the ground thrush, etc.
Up to hundreds of species of fish live in the lakes and rivers of the region. In coniferous-deciduous forests there are many midges and ticks that cause harm to humans and animals.
Natural uniqueness of the Far East.
Teacher : Let's listen to the messages of your classmates about the natural uniqueness of the Far East
Valley of Geysers. Eastern Kamchatka is the only region in Russia with periodically gushing geysers.
Most active volcanoes on the Eastern volcanic plateau, composed of lava covers, tuffs, ash and elevated to 600-1000 m. Numerous geysers are associated with these volcanoes. The Valley of Geysers is the biggest attraction of Kamchatka. Geysers were first discovered by an employee of the Kronotsky Nature Reserve G.I. Ustinova in 1941, penetrating to the river, which later received the name Geysernaya (a tributary of the Shumnaya River). Here, in a deep canyon-like gorge, there are several groups of geysers. Among them are “Firstborn”, “Giant”, “Triple”, “Fountain”, “Pearl”, “Double” and others - a total of 20 geysers, 10 large pulsating sources and more than 300 small ones, boiling and freely flowing. The largest geyser, “Giant”, operates in a very original way. Its eruption does not last long - two minutes, but thick steam continues to rise for another 10-15 minutes, covering the adjacent parts of the valley.
Grand fir grove(Kamchatka) on east coast Kamchatka is part of the Kronotsky Nature Reserve. These are unusually slender and beautiful trees, their height reaches 13 m, trunk diameter is 20-25 cm, the needles contain essential oils and smell pleasant. Botanists classify the grandiose fir as an ancient (pre-glacial) vegetation.
Lake Khanka- the largest in the Far East. Located at an altitude of 69 m above sea level. Its length is up to 95 km, width up to 65 km, area more than 4 thousand square meters. km, average depth is about 4 m. 13 rivers flow into it. The lake is rich in fish. The lake is home to a relict lotus plant, a giant water lily whose leaves reach 2 m in diameter, and a water chestnut.
Lazovsky (Sudzukhinsky) reserve (area 116.5 thousand hectares) on the coast of the Sea of Japan, in the cedar-deciduous forests of which tigers, lynxes, sables, bears, wild boars, sika deer and wapiti, pheasants and hazel grouse live. Part of the reserve is the small (about 30 hectares) Petrov Island, located 1 km from the shore of Xiaohe Bay. Petrov Island is an archaeological and natural landmark of Primorye. It was inhabited several centuries ago. In the relict yew grove, some trees reach 200-300 years old.
IV. Consolidating new material
Mark geographic objects on the contour map
What are the main factors underlying the zoning of the Far East?
What type of climate is typical for the region?
Compare the natural complexes of the northern and southern parts Far East, indicate their significant differences. 3. Describe the natural complexes of Kamchatka.
What is the main difference between the natural complexes of the island parts of the Far East and the mainland?
VI. Homework instruction
Paragraph 42, start filling out the table, prepare contour maps
Topic: Population and economic development of the Far East
Lesson objectives:
1. Study the population and specialization of the economy of the economic region.
Show the influence of EGP features on the development of the economy of the Far East.
2. Improve the ability to work according to a standard plan, analyze statistical data, atlas maps.
Students should know:
1. EGP of the Far East.
2. Population and economic specialization of the region.
3.Lack of labor resources .
Students should be able to:
1. Perform practical tasks on a contour map.
2. Be able to analyze statistical data, atlas maps.
3. Show nomenclature objects.
Lesson type: Workshop with lecture elements.
Lesson equipment:
Physical and economic maps of the Far East.
Map of the distribution and population density of the Far East. Statistical table “Territory and population of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation.” Assignments for practical work.
During the classes.
| 1. Org. moment. 2. FNZ. 2.2.Working with thematic maps of the atlas. 2.4. Compiling a table by students. 3.Practical work: “Identification of features and problems of development of the Far East. 5. Homework. | Communicating the goals and objectives of the lesson. For a long time the area remained sparsely populated. During the years of Soviet power, the population grew 8 times, but despite this, there is a constant need for labor resources. The intensity of migration is the highest in the country. Currently, there is an outflow of population from the north. The urban population predominates. Using a map of population location and density, name and show the major and Largest cities Far East. Give a description of the population density of the Far East. Farm specialization. The economic specialization of the region is mining, non-ferrous metallurgy, forestry, and fish processing industries. According to natural and economic conditions, zones are distinguished: 1. In the south, the fertile plains of the Amur region, Primorsky and Khabarovsk territories are inhabited. The monsoon climate provides good conditions for agriculture and human life. Industry, population and main cities are concentrated along the Trans-Siberian Railway. The South Yakut (coal, electric power, metallurgy) and Amur regions are being formed (Komsomolsk-on-Amur - mechanical engineering centers) In the Magadan region and the Sakha Republic, the harsh conditions of the north make it difficult for the economic development of the territory. The main transport axes are the river. Lena, Northern Sea Route. On the Pacific coast, Kamchatka, Sakhalin, and the Kuril Islands, economic development is hampered by the weak development of the social sphere and transport. Development prospects: 1.Creation of technopolises; 2. In the south, develop the fuel industry, electric power, mechanical engineering, and defense industries. 2. Specialization (for each region). 3. Factors stimulating the development of this production (fertile lands, monsoon climate, unfavorable natural conditions, access to the ocean). 1. Features of the EGP. 2. Economic development of the region. 3.Problems of the Far East and ways to solve them. 4. Economic ties of the Far East, promoting its development. 1. How does the EGP of the Far East influence the development of the region’s economy? 2. Describe the structure of the economy of the Far East. What industries can be called industries of specialization? 3. The Far East is a territory with a free economic zone in the Nakhodka region. What do you think caused the creation of a free economic zone here? 4. Using Figure 88 (p. 327 of the textbook), analyze the process of interaction between the Far East and others economic regions Russia. 5. Analyze the main statistical indicators of the economy of the Far East. 2. Complete the practical work: “Identifying the features and problems of the development of the Far East.” 3. Learn geographical nomenclature on the topic "Far East". |
Topic: Economy of the Far East
Tasks: 1. Repeat and test students’ knowledge of the nature and population of the Far East.
2.Give schoolchildren knowledge about the economy of the Far East.
3.Develop geographical thinking, memory, and attention of students.
4. Stimulate an emotional attitude and interest in solving social and environmental problems of the Far East, in the prospects for the development of this part of Russia.
Lesson type: combined.
Visibility: atlas of Russia, outline map, physical map Russia, computer disk.
During the classes
Organizing time.
Repetition and testing of knowledge
Questions.
Almost the entire territory of the Far East belongs to the region of Cenozoic folding.
The area experiences frequent earthquakes and seaquakes.
The main precipitation in the south of the Far East falls in winter.
Far Eastern rivers are predominantly flat.
The Amur is the largest waterway in the Far East.
The largest lake in the region is Khanka.
The flora and fauna of the Far East are poorer. Than Siberia and the European part of Russia.
The Klyuchevskaya Sopka volcano is located on the island. Sakhalin.
Primorye has a monsoon climate.
The Ussuri tiger lives in the taiga of the Far East.
The shores of the Far East are washed by 3 seas.
Whales and seals are found in the Chukchi Sea.
Strips of paper with the students' answers are handed over to the teacher.
There is an unfinished test on the board, complete it
(I call students to the board one by one)
1. Population of the Far East…………….
2.Average population density…………..
3.Indigenous people: Chukchi, ………….
4.The population predominates (urban, rural)……….
5. 500 thousand people each. only in two cities…………
6.Problems of the area…………..
3. Studying new material.
The teacher asks questions:
1.What riches does the Far East have?
2.Why are these resources poorly used?
3. Having looked through the material on the topic on the disk, highlight the leading sectors of the economy of the Far East?
Working with atlas and contour map.
Assignment: label 5 large industrial centers of the Far East on the contour map.
A student's report about the city of Vladivostok is heard.
Working with the student and workbooks.
From the text of paragraph 60 - write down the main problems of the Far East in your workbook.
Checking independent work.
A student's report on the prospects for the development of the Far East is heard.
4. The final part of the lesson.
Teacher: What have you learned about the economy of the Far East?
Giving grades for work in class.
At home: on a landscape sheet, come up with and colorfully depict the coat of arms of the Far East, prepare a message about Khabarovsk, working with additional literature.
Topic: Economy of the Far East (2nd version of the lesson)
The motto of the lesson: “Who, if not us?
When, if not now?
Educational goals:
1. Formation of independent activity of students in groups when assessing the natural resource potential and specialization of the economic region.
2. Be able to analyze cause-and-effect relationships.
3. Work on general educational skills: generalize and compare, listen, be able to answer questions to the point.
4. Build key competencies.
Equipment:
Physical and political-administrative map of the Far East, landscapes of the Far East.
Methods and forms of educational activities:
Using an interactive method. Collective work in groups to discuss questions posed by the teacher using Brainstorming.
Work organization:
1. Creation of four groups and appointment of commanders.
2. Give an advanced task
STATE BUDGET EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTION
SAMARA REGION SECONDARY SCHOOL No. 8 "Educational Center" of the city of Novokuibyshevsk, urban district of Novokuybyshevsk, Samara region
Geography lesson in 8th grade on the topic:
“Natural complexes of the Far East. Natural Uniques"
first category geography teacher
GBOU Secondary School No. 8 "OTs" Novokuybyshevsk
2014
Lesson type: combined.
Goals and objectives
To form an idea of the diversity of PCs in the region.
Continue to develop the ability to independently compile a PC description.
To form geographical images of the natural uniqueness of the Far East.
Means of education: maps of the Far East, natural areas of Russia, video film, computer, media projector.
Methods and forms of training: mini-lecture from the teacher about the diversity of PCs in the region; characteristics of individual PCs by students.
Main content. Harsh climatic conditions in the north of the region. The Chukotka Plateau is a combination of flat and mountain tundras with a mountainous Arctic desert. Kamchatka is a country of volcanoes and geysers. Vulcanology is the science of volcanism. The largest island of Russia, Sakhalin, is a kingdom of coniferous-deciduous forests. Primorye is an area of pronounced monsoon climate. Natural uniqueness of the Far East.
Nomenclature. Khabarovsk, La Perouse Strait, Shelikhov Bay, Long Strait, Bering Strait, Chersky Ridge, Wrangel Island.
Lesson Plan
Lesson stage | Content (goal) of the stage | Time (min.) | |
Organizational moment | Checking readiness for the lesson | ||
Geographical dictation | Check your understanding of definitions and nomenclature on the topic: “nature of the Far East” | ||
Learning new material | To form an idea of the diversity of the region’s medical and training complex. To form geographical images of the natural uniqueness of the Far East | ||
Homework message | Explain the content of homework |
During the classes
Organizing time
Checking readiness for the lesson, a quick look at the outline maps.
Check of knowledge
Geographical dictation: indicate in numbers on the outline map (Appendix):
Option 1: Sakhalin, Kamchatka, Dzhugdzhur ridge, Koryak Highlands, Chukotka Highlands, Amur River, Sea of Okhotsk, Peter the Great Bay, Tatar Strait, Cape Dezhnev.
Option 2: Kuril Islands, Chukotka Peninsula, Sikhote-Alin Range, Sredinny Range, Kolyma Highlands, Lake Khanka, Bering Sea, Anadyr Bay, Bering Strait, Cape Lopatka.
After the dictation, students check each other’s work: one or two inaccuracies – “4”, three or four – “3”, five or more – “2”.
Learning new material
In a mini-lecture, the teacher characterizes the nature of the Chukotka Plateau, Sakhalin Island, and also talks about the history of the development of the Far East.
The Far East has a unique position - on the border of the largest continent and the largest ocean on Earth.
The physical-geographical zoning of the Far East is based on two factors: the structural features of the surface and the nature of vegetation. The most typical physical and geographical regions of the Far East: the Chukotka Plateau, the Kamchatka Peninsula, Sakhalin Island, Primorsky Krai.
Chukotka Highlands. The climate is one of the harshest. The Chukotka Plateau is a combination of flat and mountain tundras with a mountainous Arctic desert.
Common inhabitants are reindeer, arctic fox, lemmings, and tundra partridges.
Kamchatka Peninsula. 2/3 of the territory is occupied by mountains. From time to time, Kamchatka is shaken by volcanic eruptions. There are about 30 active and 130 extinct volcanoes. One of the most active is Klyuchevskaya Sopka (4750m).
The Kamchatka Peninsula occupies a subzone of coniferous and birch park forests. Small-leaved trees predominate (stone and Japanese birch). In the dwarf cedar forests you can find brown bear, Kamchatka sable, squirrel, and lynx.
Sakhalin- the largest island in Russia. A characteristic feature of Sakhalin's climate is high relative humidity and frequent winds.
Rare species of animals have been preserved here - a one and a half meter sea otter, a fur seal. In the north you can find reindeer moss, and in the south you can find blooming magnolias.
Primorsky Krai– located in the southern part of the Far East. The monsoon climate in Primorye is most pronounced.
Most of Primorye is occupied by the Ussuri taiga, where coniferous and broad-leaved species are combined. Only here do Amur velvet, Manchurian walnut, and iron birch grow. The fauna is also unique - the Ussuri tiger, the mandarin duck, etc.
Natural uniqueness.
Valley of Geysers. Eastern Kamchatka is the only region in Russia with periodically gushing geysers. You can see such geysers as Firstborn, Giant, Triple, Fountain, Pearl, Double.
Amur river. There are unique islands on the river. Among them, some are very small, some look like a drop. Islands undergo continuous changes - they appear and disappear, “float” down the river or move up against the current.
Grove of Kamchatka fir. Unusually slender and beautiful trees. Botanists classify it as pre-glacial vegetation.
Lake Khanka- the largest in the Far East. It is rich in fish; a relict plant, the lotus, grows on the lake.
Lazovsky Reserve. Located on the coast of the Sea of Japan.
Consolidation
Explain the reasons for the diversity of PCs in the Far East?
Tell us about the features of the nature of Kamchatka.
Homework
§ 42, prepare information about the reserves of the Far East.
Bibliography
Barinova I.I. Lesson developments on Russian geography: 8th grade: to the textbook by I.I. Barinova “Geography of Russia: 8th grade” / I.I. Barinova. – M.: Publishing house “Exam”, 2008. – 399 p.
Barinova I.I. Geography of Russia. Nature. 8th grade: textbook. for general education institutions/ I.I. Barinova. – 12th ed., stereotype. – M.: Bustard, 2008. – 285 p.
Application
The article talks about unique natural objects that are located in this area. Contains information about the relief, flora and fauna of the region. Gives detailed physical and geographical characteristics of the most remote but rich region of Russia.
Far East of Russia
The Far East is usually called the territory of Russia, which is located off the Pacific coast. Its area is 6215.9 thousand km. sq.
If by the Far East we mean the Far Eastern Federal District, then its capital is Khabarovsk, and the capital of the Primorsky Territory is Vladivostok. This question often causes confusion.
This territory includes a natural area located directly in the Pacific Ocean, which belongs to the Kuril Archipelago.
Rice. 1. Far East on the map.
The territory consists of the following parts:
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- mainland;
- peninsular;
- island
Except Kuril Islands The territory includes the Kamchatka Peninsula, Sakhalin Island, the Commander Islands and other isolated islands that are located near the eastern borders of Russia.
In Kamchatka there is one of the remarkable unique sites of the Far East - the Valley of Geysers.
Rice. 2. Valley of Geysers.
This is the only area in Russia with periodically gushing geysers.
Maritime communications are developed here and therefore there are many ports located in the Far East.
However, the presence of a large number of ports also gives rise to problems associated with illegal fishing.
The length of the region from northeast to southwest is quite large and equal to 4.5 thousand kilometers.
The northern regions of the territories are located beyond the Arctic Circle, and there is almost always snow here.
Almost all seas washing the coast are not completely cleared of ice, even in summer.
The lands of this region are dominated by permafrost. Here, for the most part, tundra reigns.
In the southern part of the region, conditions are slightly milder.
The climate of the Far East is strongly influenced by its close proximity to the Pacific Ocean.
The region is localized at the junction of two massive lithospheric plates. The southern Far Eastern region is characterized by a predominance of low and medium-altitude mountain ranges.
Only 1/4 of the territory of the Far East is covered by plains.
Natural resources
TO geographical features include, first of all, the unique economic and geographical position of the territory. They are characterized by alienation from the main and most populated areas of the country.
The next factor is natural potential. The Far East is considered one of the richest regions of Russia.
Here you can get:
- diamonds - 98%;
- tin - 80%;
- boron raw materials - 90%;
- gold - 50%.
The location of the Far East on the border of a majestic continent and the largest ocean globe had a significant impact on the characteristics of the natural-territorial complexes of the region, as well as on their location.
In addition to the anthropogenic factor, the environmental problems of the region also include the problem of wastewater.
The inland waters of the Far East suffer extremely from this - the region is recognized as a fish treasure of Russia. And this is not surprising, since it is enough to imagine what seas the territory of the Far East is washed by. The list is quite impressive:
- Laptev sea;
- East-Siberian Sea;
- Chukchi Sea;
- Bering Sea;
- Sea of Okhotsk;
- Japanese Sea.
The landscape of the area began its formation in the Mesozoic and Cenozoic eras. Then folded zones and intermountain depressions appeared.
In the past, the highest parts of the mountains were dominated by glaciers. This is evidenced by the preserved small relief-forming forms.
The highest altitude of the Kuril Mountains is 2339 m. Alaid Volcano.
Rice. 3. Alaid Volcano.
Powerful (up to 10 magnitude) earthquakes often occur here. They are also the cause of the tsunami.
The Far Eastern nature reserves are among the largest in Russia. The nature in these parts is quite harsh. This is explained by the fact that the mainland in the north and northeast is adjacent to the waters of the Arctic basin.
You can often find arctic foxes in the tundra, polar bear or reindeer. Squirrels, lynxes, wolverines and brown bears are common in the taiga. During the warm period, the tundra is flooded a large number of migratory birds. In the taiga, birds are represented by hazel grouse, wood grouse, woodpeckers, nuthatches and thrushes. In the mountainous areas, the animals that live mainly are snow leopards and musk deer.
What have we learned?
We found out what features and specific features the territory has. We learned which environmental problems are the most pressing. We found out which seas wash the shores of the Far Eastern region.
Test on the topic
Evaluation of the report
Average rating: 4.5. Total ratings received: 542.
“Natural uniqueness of the Far East” - Arctic. The spurs of the Sikhote-Alin ridge, which have preserved their pristine nature, are beautiful and unique. A mighty, branchy vine entwines the trees like a boa constrictor. Autumn on the Kamchatka Peninsula is considered the best time. Dust and heaps of ash fly up, The god of fire rages in the earth. Russian commander Vitus Bering (originally from Denmark) is buried on one of the islands.
“Relief of Sakhalin” - Equipment: Objectives: Conversation with students: Lesson purpose: I Org moment – 1 min. “Relief of the municipality of the Okhinsky urban district.” II Updating basic knowledge – 5 min. III Studying new material. Method: problematic. Ridges of the Schmidt Peninsula. During the classes. Type: “lesson on learning new material.”
“Kamchatka Peninsula” - There are about 30 active and more than 130 extinct volcanoes on the peninsula. Winter on the Kamchatka Peninsula. The driest and warmest place is the Central Kamchatka depression. From time to time, Kamchatka is shaken by volcanic eruptions. Kamchatka Peninsula. Mountains of Kamchatka. Autumn on the Kamchatka Peninsula. Information about Kamchatka.
“Economy of the Far East” - In 1888, the Suchanskoye deposit was discovered. Economic development of the south of the Far East. Timber processing – 5 sawmills, tar, match and plywood factories at the station. Desyatin belongs to the imperial family. Horse-drawn transport. 23.9 million Manufacturing industry. Development of coal deposits.
"Lesson Far East" - Geographical position Russia. Assignment: Name the positive aspects of the district's EGP. Washed by two oceans Bordered by foreign countries Rich in mineral resources. Fill the table. Practical task: On contour map apply to the peoples living in the Far East. Library of electronic visual aids Geography 9th grade.
"Kuril Islands" - Kuril Islands. Performed by Maria Cherkashina. Bean goose is a rare species, found on Sakhalin Island, the Kuril Islands and Japan during seasonal migrations. Reefs. O. Paramushir - Humpback whale. Volcano Ebeko o. Paramushir. Aleutian Canada geese. Rocky shores of the Kuril Islands. Kuril landscapes.
There are a total of 34 presentations in the topic