Municipal autonomous educational institution "Lyceum No. 21", Pervouralsk

Project on

"Geometric Mysteries" Egyptian pyramids»

Completed

Panov Dmitry

8th grade student

Supervisor

Krotova Irina Leonidovna

2016

CONTENT

Introduction………………………………………………………………………………...…3

Theoretical part

What are the Egyptian pyramids……………………………………………………………6

Practical part

The presence of mathematics in the Egyptian pyramids……………………………9

Geometry in the pyramids……………………………………………………………..……12

Conclusion……………………………………………………………..……15

Materials used……………………………………………………..17

INTRODUCTION

Ancient Egypt is known primarily for its stone giants - pyramids that served for the burial of Egyptian kings and pharaohs. However, not all Egyptian rulers found rest inside the pyramids, and this is not the only secret of the Egyptian pyramids. And although scientists have been studying the pyramids for centuries, only recently have they been able to lift the veil of secrecy over how the Egyptians built them and why they abandoned construction.

Modern history replete with white spots and this is not surprising, because if modern people knew about the technologies and capabilities of people who lived in the distant past, they would look differently at the “development” of modern society. There is an understanding that in ancient times people knew much more than modern science is trying to show us, and this knowledge was not limited only to the external material world, but led to an understanding of the internal, spiritual processes in man. Ancient people possessed a perfect science about man. If we talk about monumental buildings of the past, then many amazing architectural monuments have survived to our time. Among them are stone structures of unimaginable scale.

The oldest Egyptian mathematical texts that have reached us date back to the beginning of the 2nd millennium BC. Mathematics was then used in astronomy, navigation, land surveying, and in the construction of houses, dams, canals and military fortifications. The Egyptians wrote on papyrus, which is poorly preserved, and therefore at present there is significantly less knowledge about the mathematics of Egypt than about the mathematics of Babylon or Greece. It was probably better developed than can be imagined based on the documents that have reached us. This is indirectly confirmed by the fact that Greek mathematicians studied with the Egyptians.

Egyptian pyramids arouse curiosity and admiration, and at the same time they represent an intellectual challenge to humanity, demonstrating its powerlessness in revealing the mysteries of these ancient structures. The very existence of the Egyptian pyramids, the mystery of their origin and purpose, worried the best minds of mankind for many millennia. Many scientists have devoted their lives to uncovering these secrets, but despite the long history of excavations and research, despite the development of science and technology modern world, humanity is not yet able to answer the huge number of mysteries that are hidden in the Egyptian pyramids. The main questions that have always worried pyramid researchers can be reduced to four main points: who, when, how and, most importantly, why built these majestic structures. Since the time of Herodotus, who visited Egypt in the 5th century BC, and until now, scientists have practically never found answers to these questions.

There is no doubt that the main problem in solving the riddle of the Great Pyramids is the complete lack of coordination between the actions of various researchers and, as a consequence, the lack of systematic research into the issue. Specialists in the history and culture of ancient Egypt are limited to official version, not free from obvious contradictions, and refuse to acknowledge the existence of a problem, much less discuss it with “non-specialists.” Non-specialists in the history and culture of Egypt, but specialists in any other field of knowledge, are guilty of one-sided approaches that do not take into account the complex nature of the problem. The challenging nature of the problem itself attracts people with an artistic mindset who are ready to put forward fantastic hypotheses and too often and uncritically wishful thinking.

Therefore, the first step is to formulate a set of key circumstances that require satisfactory explanation when developing and considering any hypothesis - this will create certain restrictions on the proposed hypotheses, which will make it possible to treat them more tolerantly. It is advisable to adhere to Occam's principle and not so much to look for the initial premise from which the existence and purpose of the pyramids can follow, but to take care that what is observed cannot be explained otherwise than with the help of the proposed idea. Secondly, any hypothesis that can not only be taken into account, but discussed, must contain specific proposals for its testing with a prediction of possible results.

It is both of these circumstances that should constitute the methodological essence of the approach to studying the problem of the Great Pyramids of Egypt.

The relevance of this topic is as follows: that on the other hand, people remain people: as always, they try to find answers, each at their own mundane level, based only on the knowledge and experience on which they are accustomed to rely. What if there is something more hidden in the mystery of the Egyptian pyramids, which scientists, due to the limitations of this knowledge and experience and the dogmatic nature of their thinking, are simply not able to comprehend? For example, in the drawings of the Nazca desert, UFOs and crop circles: the elementary narrowness of thinking and conservatism of pundits does not allow them to penetrate the secrets of Existence, and therefore they continue to insist on their theories in which there is and cannot be a place for another Existence, different from physical. This is reminiscent of walking in a circle, when it seems that the next circle will be the final one. Unfortunately, marking time does not move progress.

The purpose of this work: to study the secrets of the Egyptian pyramids from the point of view of mathematics.

To achieve this goal, it is necessary to solve the following tasks:

1) Find general information about the Egyptian pyramids

2) Analyze the information found and select the one that can be consistent with the geometry

3) study this information and draw appropriate conclusions

WHAT ARE EGYPTIAN PYRAMIDS

Egyptian pyramids are the greatest architectural monuments Ancient Egypt, among which one of the “seven wonders of the world” is the Pyramid of Cheops and an honorary candidate for the “new seven wonders of the world” - the Pyramid of Giza. Pyramids are huge pyramid-shaped stone structures that were used as tombs for the pharaohs of Ancient Egypt. The word "pyramid" is Greek and means polyhedron. According to some researchers, a large pile of wheat became the prototype of the pyramid. According to other scientists, this word comes from the name of a pyramid-shaped funeral cake. A total of 118 pyramids have been discovered in Egypt.

When mentioning the Egyptian pyramids, they usually mean the Great Pyramids located in Giza, near Cairo. But they are not the only pyramids in Egypt. During the period of the first dynasties, special “houses after life” appeared - mastabas - funeral buildings, consisting of an underground burial chamber and a stone structure above the surface of the earth. The term itself dates back to Arab times and is due to the fact that the shape of these tombs, similar in section to a trapezoid, reminded the Arabs of large benches called “mastaba”.

The first pharaohs also built mastabas for themselves. The most ancient royal mastabas, dating back to the First Dynasty, were built from adobes - unfired bricks made of clay or river silt. They were built in Nagadei Abydos in Upper Egypt, as well as in Saqqara, where the main necropolis of Memphis, the capital of the rulers of the first dynasties, was located. In the above-ground part of these buildings there were chapels and rooms with burial goods, and in the underground part there were the burial chambers themselves.

The purpose of the pyramids was multifunctional. They served not only as tombs of the pharaohs, but also were attributes of the greatness, power and wealth of the country, cultural monuments, repositories of the country's history and information about the life of the pharaoh and the people, and a collection of household items.

It is absolutely clear that the pyramids had a deep “scientific content”, embodied in their shape, size and orientation on the ground. Every detail of the pyramid, every element of the form was chosen carefully and had to demonstrate the high level of knowledge of the creators of the pyramids. After all, they were built to last for millennia, “forever.” And it’s not for nothing that the Arabic proverb says: “Everything in the world is afraid of time. Time is afraid of the pyramids.”

Among the grandiose pyramids of Egypt, the Great Pyramid of Pharaoh Cheops (Khufu) occupies a special place. Before we begin to analyze the shape and size of the Cheops pyramid, we should remember what system of measures the Egyptians used. The Egyptians had three units of length: a "cubit" (466 mm), which was equal to seven "palms" (66.5 mm), which, in turn, was equal to four "fingers" (16.6 mm).

The pyramids were built approximately 4.5 thousand years ago. Before erecting the pyramid, the builders leveled the area on which the pyramid was to be installed. The central axis of the pyramid was determined, around which the rock was removed for blocks, which were the basis for its installation.

800 kilometers from the installation site, 130 granite blocks were mined, each weighing from 12 to 70 tons. These blocks have been delivered. Subsequently, to build the internal chambers, they had to be raised 65 meters and installed.

The lower, middle and upper chambers were built, which in comparison with the entire enormous mass of the monument are negligible. A passage 90 meters long and less than a meter wide was built; this passage leading to the lower chamber was punched directly into the rock. Precision tools were required to ensure that the angle of the passage remained precise and constant along its entire length. Also, in order to dig a tunnel of such length, lighting was required, but no traces of soot were found. So what did the ancient Egyptians use to illuminate and control the angle of immersion?

The pyramid consists of more than 2 million blocks of different shapes and sizes, although, as we know from the experience of modern builders, it is easier to work with blocks of the same size. The average weight of the blocks is 2.5 tons. The accuracy of the overall design of the pyramid is striking; it meets modern standards. For example, the upper chamber is perfectly aligned in horizontal and vertical planes. The accuracy of block installation exceeds the standards of modern construction. The error is only half a millimeter. This is amazing accuracy for such an ancient object. This cannot be achieved by modern builders using the most modern equipment. Over the course of its history, the pyramid has survived at least three large-scale earthquakes, one of which in the 13th century leveled the city of Cairo. What was the level of knowledge of the builders if everything inside the pyramid remained in its place?

The geographic orientation of the pyramid along the magnetic poles of the planet was also carefully executed. It has a deviation of the western edge of 2’30” and the eastern edge of 5’30” from the true direction to the north, and the northern and southern edges by 2’28” and 1’57”, respectively, from the Equator line.

THE PRESENCE OF MATHEMATICS IN THE EGYPTIAN PYRAMIDS

One of interesting features of this pyramid is that it has not four, but eight faces, because Each of the four sides is slightly concave in the middle, which further complicated the construction process.

Let's analyze the size of the Cheops pyramid.

Most researchers agree that the length of the side of the base of the pyramid, for example, is GF = 233.16 m. This value corresponds almost exactly to 500 “cubits”. Full compliance with 500 “elbows” will be if the length of the “elbow” is considered equal to 0.4663 m. The height of the pyramid (AS) is estimated by researchers differently from 146.6 to 148.2 m. And depending on the accepted height of the pyramid, all the relationships of its geometric elements. What is the reason for the differences in estimates of the height of the pyramid? The fact is that, strictly speaking, the Cheops pyramid is truncated. Its upper platform today measures approximately 10 * 10 m, but a century ago it was 6 * 6 m. Obviously, the top of the pyramid was dismantled, and it does not correspond to the original one. When assessing the height of the pyramid, it is necessary to take into account such a physical factor as the “draft” of the structure. Over a long period of time under the influence of colossal pressure (reaching 500 tons per 1 m 2 bottom surface) the height of the pyramid has decreased compared to its original height. What was the original height of the pyramid? This height can be recreated by finding the basic "geometric idea" of the pyramid.

In 1837, the English Colonel G. Wise measured the angle of inclination of the faces of the pyramid: it turned out to be equal to a = 51°51". This value is still recognized by most researchers today. The indicated value of the angle corresponds to a tangent (tg a) equal to 1.27306. This value corresponds to the ratio of the height of the pyramid AC to half the side of its base CB, that isAC/CB = H/(L/2) = 2H/L. And here the researchers were in for a big surprise! The point is that iftake the square root of the golden ratio, then we get the following result = 1.272. Comparing this value with the value tg a = 1.27306, we see that these values ​​are very close to each other. If we take the angle a = 51°50", that is, reduce it by only one arc minute, then the value of a will become equal to 1.272, that is, it will coincide with the valueWHAT???.It should be noted that in 1840 G. Wise repeated his measurements and clarified that the value of the angle a = 51°50". These measurements led researchers to the following very interesting hypothesis: the basis of the triangle ACB of the Cheops pyramid was the ratio AC / CB = 1.272!

Let us now consider a right triangle ABC, in which the ratio of the legs isAC/CB = rootZ. If now the lengths of the sidesrectangleABC is denoted by x, y, z, and also take into account that the ratio y/x = rootz, then in accordance with the Pythagorean theorem, the length z can be calculated using the formula:z= root of the sumxsquared andysquared. Let us now derive some other relations for the Cheops pyramid, which follow from the “golden” hypothesis. In particular, we find the relationexternal areapyramid to the area of ​​its base. To do this, we take the length of the leg CB as one, that is: CB = 1. But then the length of the side of the base of the pyramid is GF = 2,and the base area EFGH will be equal to SEFGH = 4.

Let us now calculate the area of ​​the side face of the Cheops pyramid SD.Because thethe height AB of triangle AEF is equal to t, then the area of ​​the lateral face will be equal to SD = t. Then the total area of ​​all four lateral faces of the pyramid will be equal to 4t, and the ratio of the total external area of ​​the pyramid to the area of ​​the base will beequal to the golden ratio! This is the main geometric secret of the Cheops pyramid!

Analysis of other Egyptian pyramids shows that the Egyptians always sought to incorporate some important mathematical knowledge into their pyramids. In this regard, the Pyramid of Khafre is very interesting. Measurements of the pyramid showed that the angle of inclination of the side faces in it is 53°12", which corresponds to the ratio of the legs of a right triangle of 4:3. This ratio of the legs corresponds to the well-known right triangle with sides 3:4:5, which is called "perfect", " sacred" or "Egyptian" triangle. According to historians, the "Egyptian" triangle was given a magical meaning. Plutarch wrote that the Egyptians compared the nature of the Universe with the "sacred" triangle; they symbolically likened the vertical leg to the husband, the base to the wife, and the hypotenuse to the which is born from both.

For a triangle 3:4:5, the equality is true: 3 squared + 4 squared = 5 squared, which expresses the Pythagorean theorem. Was it not this theorem that the Egyptian priests wanted to perpetuate by erecting a pyramid based on the triangle 3:4:5? It is difficult to find a more successful example to illustrate the Pythagorean theorem, which was known to the Egyptians long before its discovery by Pythagoras.

Thus, the brilliant creators of the Egyptian pyramids sought to amaze distant descendants with the depth of their knowledge, and they achieved this by choosing the “golden” right triangle as the “main geometric idea” for the Cheops pyramid, and the “sacred” or “Egyptian” for the Khafre pyramid. triangle.

DEPTH INTO THE TOPIC FROM THE POINT OF VIEW OF GEOMETRY

Let's look at the Cheops pyramid again. But we will only act not according to algebraic formulas, but from the point of view of geometry.

Many Egyptologists and researchers of the Cheops pyramid suggest that the builders of ancient Egypt knew the numerical value of the golden ratio and the number “pi”. And also Egyptologists suggest that these golden numbers were key in the architectural design of the Egyptian pyramids, but in reality knowledge of these numbers is not necessary, since to build the pyramids it is enough to know the proportions of the heptagon and use the ratios of lines that exist in the geometric figure of the heptagon.

The AEK triangle in the figure is an approximate silhouette of the side faces of the Cheops pyramid.

The shown silhouette of the side faces is approximate, since the angle of the ESA heptagon with the vertex at point K has a value of 360/7 = 51.429 degrees (51 degrees 25.71 minutes), and the real angle of inclination of the faces of the Cheops pyramid has a value of 51 degrees 50 minutes.

The builders of the Cheops pyramid compensated for the existing difference by adding the value of human height AX to the height of the triangle AEK. That is, the builders conventionally placed a human figure on the top of the pyramid, and as a result they received 51 degrees 50 minutes as the value of the angle EKH with the vertex at point K. Namely, if the height of the triangle EKH has a value of 318 cubits, then the height of the triangle EKA is approximately 314 cubits, and the value human height is approximately 4 cubits. Egyptian builders increased the correct angle of the heptagon, as if there was a person at the top of the Cheops pyramid, and as a result, the number of the golden section was encrypted in the ratios of the EK/KH lines and the proportions of the human body were laid down in the general geometry of the future pyramidal structure, which was the idea of ​​​​the architectural design of the future pyramid . Essentially, the builders and creators of the architectural plan of the Great Pyramid of Cheops inscribed a double heptagonal or, in other words, biheptagonal network of lines into a living circle, in which the size of the vertical diameter differed from the horizontal diameter by the relative size of human height.

The diheptagonal network of lines is inscribed in the space of a living circle, which has a ratio of vertical and horizontal diameters of approximately 15/14, which corresponds to the proportions of the male and female body. The blue outline indicates the approximate silhouette of the side faces of the pyramid, and the white outline indicates the approximate silhouette of the diagonal edges.

The angle DLA with the vertex at point L has a value of 40 degrees 59 minutes and corresponds to the inclination of the diagonal edges of the Cheops pyramid.

The values ​​of the angles DLA (the inclination of the diagonal edges) and EKA (the inclination of the side faces) with vertices at points L and K differ from the angular values ​​of the regular diheptagon in the relative magnitude of human height, since the diheptagon in the design of the Egyptian pyramid of Cheops is inscribed in the space of a living circle, which is transformed in accordance with with human growth. Namely, it is transformed in accordance with the height of the human body, which has the size of 4 Egyptian cubits and is conventionally located at the top of the pyramid.

INTERESTING EGYPTIAN PYRAMIDS OF EGYPT

The Pyramid of Cheops

One of the largest pyramids in the world. Built by Pharaoh Khufu, the second pharaoh of the Fourth Dynasty, whose Greek name was Cheops. Its height reached 146.6 m, and the size of the base was 230 m. The pyramid consists of blocks of limestone, granite and basalt. Inside it there are 3 burial chambers, which are designed one above the other. The entrance to the pyramid is located at an altitude of 15 meters on the north side, but tourists enter it through a gap made by Caliph Abu Jafar al-Ma'mun in order to search for countless treasures.

Pyramid of Khafre (or Khafre)

The second largest pyramid of Ancient Egypt, next to which is located the sculpture of the world famous Great Sphinx - a formidable lion with the head of a man. Its height reached 143.5 m, but unlike the Khufu pyramid, its internal space was more modest. There are two chambers and two intersecting passages. There is also a burial chamber located under its base.

Pink pyramid

One of the largest pyramids in Dahshur and the third largest in Egypt after the two pyramids of Giza. It got its name due to the color of the stone blocks, which acquire a pink tint in the rays of the setting sun. In addition, this structure is considered the first successful attempt to build an isosceles regular pyramid.

The final pyramid in the ensemble of grandiose buildings of Giza. It is located 200 m from the Pyramid of Khafre, but is significantly smaller in size than its predecessors - only 66.5 m in height. Two small chambers were also found inside it, but there are no traces of burial there. The pyramid has 3 satellites, surrounded by a common fence.

CONCLUSION

In the work I did, I learned and became acquainted with some of the secrets of the Egyptian pyramids. I coordinated them with mathematics and carried out several problems. I also found and became acquainted with information about the greatness and features of each Egyptian pyramid.

The art of Ancient Egypt is a reflection of concrete, real reality at different stages of its historical development. The ancient Egyptians considered earthly life to be just a brief episode of eternal existence. That is why they used materials that were not very durable for the construction of houses, residences of nobles and royal palaces. The matter looked different with the construction of dwellings for the immortal soul of the pharaoh and the nobility, which, like the temples of the gods, were built of stone. The strength of these buildings is evidenced by the monuments that have survived to this day. Egyptian pyramids in Giza, tombs of Egyptian pharaohs. The largest of them, the pyramids of Cheops, Khafre and Mikerin, were considered in ancient times one of the Seven Wonders of the World. The construction of the pyramid, in which the Greeks and Romans already saw a monument to the unprecedented pride of kings and cruelty that doomed the entire people of Egypt to meaningless construction, according to scientists, was the most important cult act and was supposed to express, apparently, the mystical identity of the country and its ruler. The population of the country worked on the construction of the tomb during the part of the year free from agricultural work. A number of texts testify to the attention and care that the kings themselves (albeit of a later time) paid to the construction of their tomb and its builders. From ancient times to the present day, many have studied the pyramids, since the builders of the pyramids did not leave us any explanations on this matter. The first among such seekers was the tireless Greek traveler and historian Herodotus, who back in the middle of the 5th century. BC e. visited Egypt and suggested that the pyramids were built using wooden machines that lifted blocks from ledge to ledge. What these cars looked like was apparently unknown to him. The very process of their construction remains a mystery to this day - even with modern technology, creating something similar is a difficult task. But the Egyptians had neither cranes nor powerful dump trucks. They did not have not only steel cables, but also the simplest iron tools. But they lifted literally mountains of stone and laid these monoliths with amazing precision. And yet, the greatest interest is caused by the reason for the appearance of such structures, which no one had created before the Egyptians. Why was it necessary to build them so large and at the same time calculate all the proportions with such amazing accuracy? This remains unclear. https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Egypt

Encyclopedia “Wonders of the World” V.V. Kiselyov, S.V. Andreeva. UDC 087.5 BBK 9 Ch-81

Encyclopedia “I know everything” Z.V. Nikolaevich MFR 98-B

Martin Gardner. Mathematical miracles and secrets - M.: Nauka, 1978. 128 p.

Dictionary

Project work according to the history of the 6th grade student of the Shumerlinskaya Secondary School Nikolaev Sergei The Great Pyramids of Egypt and the equally famous pyramids of America and Asia... They amaze with their majesty and durability, overwhelm with their massiveness, surprise with their simple and harmonious forms, directed into space. They attract to themselves, they beckon... So what is the secret of the pyramids? What is the secret of their attractiveness? The pyramids are silent... Maybe we just don’t hear them, just as we didn’t hear the voices of fish until recently? Who was the first of his contemporaries to understand and respond to the call of the pyramids coming from the depths of the Galaxy? 3 “These are mountains of stone, built on mountains of stone,” said the Greek philosopher. “Everything is afraid of time, and the time of the pyramids,” the Arabs proclaimed. afraid “Standing in front of the pyramids, you pull your coat tightly around you because you are trembling and cannot utter a word,” wrote Gustave Flaubert. “Soldiers! Forty centuries are looking at you,” Napoleon exclaimed before the famous battle with the Mamluks on the Giza plateau. 4 Purpose of the project work: To study the pyramids as a historical artifact, an architectural structure, and their semantic purpose. 1. 2. 3. 4. Research objectives: Study the literature, sources on the research problem. Systematize existing knowledge about pyramids. Determine the purpose of the pyramids. Formation of research skills. The object of the study is pyramids as a historical artifact, architectural structures that have a specific semantic purpose. Means of achieving the goal - literature, sources on the research problem, theoretical (logical) research methods Hypothesis of the information project: Based on the studied literature, various sources, knowledge gained in the school history course and during self-education, it can be assumed that the pyramids are a unique object and architectural structure, the purpose of which remains unclear. In the world of pyramids there are a lot of 7 - as a geometric shape - perhaps one of the most perfect in nature. Matter, trying to preserve itself in the eternal struggle against time, is looking for the safest, most stable, energetically comfortable forms. The pyramid is a brilliant discovery of nature; the space in it is folded in a special way, creating a unique energy structure. Let's look at specific and accessible examples to see what kind of wonderful thing this is - a pyramid. 8 Egypt The pyramids are rightfully considered the hallmark of Egypt. They are located along the left, west bank Nile in small groups, not far from the place where the capital of the country, Memphis, was located during the era of the Old Kingdom. In Giza, there are three great pyramids of Cheops, Khafre and Mikerin. Archaeologists have counted 80 pyramids. But not all10 of them have survived to this day. The oldest - the pyramid of Pharaoh Djoser - was erected about five thousand years ago. Its height is 60 meters. The builder of the first pyramid, Imhotep, was an architect, physician, astronomer, writer, advisor to the pharaoh, and for many centuries was considered the greatest sage of antiquity. The pyramids served the pharaohs, according to their religion, as a ladder along which they ascended to heaven. Therefore, the most ancient pyramids were stepped, shaped like stairs, and only the later ones had smooth walls. 11 the largest stone structure in the world height - 146.6 m base side - 225.7 m 12 ...And the ruler appointed one guard to each pyramid, ready to pounce on anyone who approached, wrap their arms around his neck, strangle him, they could knock him down and kill any person, and then return to his refuge... 13 The pyramid mountain Kailash rises in absolute solitude, not surrounded by other peaks; its rounded top is symmetrical, has distinct horizontal and vertical grooves, which is why its other name is “Swastika Mountain”, height 6,714 m. Mount Kailash is considered sacred and is mentioned in the Ramayana. It is believed that the pyramid and mirror mountain was built "using the power of the five elements. Some believe that these are not artificial pyramids, but mountains. The pyramid complexes in Teotihuacan have a number of inexplicable parallels with the pyramids on the Giza plateau. Firstly, they are located in the same way in plan (that is, when viewed from above). The Pyramid of the Moon then corresponds to the Great Pyramid, the Pyramid of the Sun to the Pyramid of Khafre, and the Citadel to the so-called Pyramid of Mikerinus. And both complexes reflect the location in the sky of three bright stars from Orion’s belt. In both complexes, the tops of the two largest pyramids (the pyramids of the Sun and the Moon in the Valley of Mexico and the pyramids of Cheops and Khafre in Egypt) are on the same level, although their heights are different. Thirdly, as far as the reconstruction of the dimensions of the pyramids allows us to judge, in both cases the tallest pyramid. the complex in its proportions expresses the number π through the ratio of the height and the perimeter of its base 15 Surprisingly, the largest pyramid in the world is located in Mexico. It is dedicated to the god Quetzcalcoatl and was built around 100 AD. The pyramid is built from sun-dried bricks and earth. Although its height is 53.9 m, it occupies an area of ​​18.2 hectares. 16 China – Wonderland . Any miracles are possible there. But what US Air Force pilot James Gausman discovered one day (namely in 1945) goes beyond all probability theory. 17 In total, 8 pyramids and one mountain similar to a pyramid are known in Greece - Taygetos. The best preserved and least studied is the 9-meter pyramid in Crete in the area of ​​Chania. Pyramid near the village of Hellenikon (ca. 2700 BC) Over 10,000 years old. They were destroyed in the 20th century. The height of the Brother and Sister pyramids is about 300 m. The pyramids were destroyed under strange circumstances. There is an entrance on the west side. Nuraghes are structures that have a pyramidal shape and are made of huge stone blocks without any mortar, the height reaches 20 and the width - 30 m. The date of construction is 1700 BC. Destination unknown. On the same island there is an underground sanctuary in Santa Cristina di Paulilatino. An underground tower with a pool of sacred water, water is collected in a few hours. The room is consecrated through an opening at the top: “only on the days of the spring and autumn equinoxes, a sheaf of sunlight falling on the surface of the water reflected the image of a person not upright, but upside down. Apparently, the ancient builders were well aware of this optical effect.” Funerary structures of the Nuraghi, also called the tombs of giants: about 700 have survived in total. “Some are impressive-sized tombs made of giant blocks, others are high, vertically standing flat stones, similar to steles... At the base of the pyramid is a mastaba. Not all pyramids have a regular geometric shape. The most ancient form is the stepped pyramid in Saqqara, which was ordered to be erected by Pharaoh Djoser. Its dimensions are very impressive: the base is a rectangle with sides 125 X 115 m, a height of about 60 m. Its age, according to archaeologists, is from 4600 to. 4800 years 21 The first “explorers” of the pyramids were... robbers. They did not stand on ceremony with the stone giants. Penetrating inside, they gutted the contents and for many years brought so much confusion into the knowledge of the pyramids that historians still cannot figure out what was what. They still have not been able to discover the secret of the ancient pyramids... Scientists came for the robbers - historians and archaeologists. Mathematicians and physicists became interested in the pyramids later, but they also made discoveries 24 25 Many years of research by scientists showed how the pyramids were created. 26 The most popular hypothesis states that the huge structure, similar to the petrified ray of the life-giving Egyptian sun, was created in twenty years. Thousands of slaves, shuddering from the blows of the whip and exhausted from fatigue, slowly erected a gigantic mountain. Thousands of slaves, many of whom fell and were unable to rise, remained forever at its base. Such a pitiful and terrible picture has firmly established itself in almost all history textbooks. Well, every view has the right to exist. “Whoever can believe this legend is his business,” Herodotus liked to say in his time. 27 Proposed method of transporting and installing stone blocks. Devices for moving stone blocks Tools of Egyptian masons and workers To lift the blocks, the Egyptians built an inclined embankment from brick and stone with an elevation angle of about 150. As the pyramid was built, the embankment was lengthened. The stone was dragged along these embankments on wooden sleds; to reduce friction, the track was constantly moistened with water, so that the runners easily slid through the mud. The blocks were then pulled into place using wooden levers. When construction was largely completed, the inclined embankment was leveled, and the surface of the pyramid was covered with lined blocks. The construction of the pyramid required 2,590,000 m2 of blocks of stone, piled on a surface measuring about 54,000 m2. The lining of its outer walls was apparently covered with a thick layer of plaster, and this is what gives rise to the Arabic name “painted pyramid.” 29 Egyptologists are still trying to figure out the purpose of the Pyramid. Back in the tenth century, the Arab historian Masudi argued that it was not only a repository of the knowledge of the ancient Egyptians in astronomy, art and religion, but also contained “historical and prophetic predictions.” And in 1865, Robert Menzies suggested that if we take the sacred inch of the Egyptians as a basis and measure the length of the internal chambers of the Cheops pyramid, we can find the chronological dates of the most important events of the past 30 and the future. . It is unlikely that they were made only. Narrow shafts laid in the walls of the tombs and machined with the precision of a cannon barrel also pose a mystery for ventilation, as some Egyptologists claim. The shafts rise from the pyramid at a certain angle. German engineer Rudolf Gantenbring explored southern part Queen's tomb with the help of a small modern robotic camera and determined that the mine was blocked by stone doors with metal parts. These doors have never been opened. Other shafts lead straight to the top without obstacles. In the 60s, astronomers proved that the mines were directed to the stars with amazing accuracy. In the last decade, people with radio engineering education, including specialists in antenna technology, have joined in uncovering the secrets of the pyramid. They propose to look at the pyramid as an antenna used to communicate with space. The fact that pyramid antennas are terrestrial and extraterrestrial is said, for example, in the book by V.P. Babanin “Secrets of the Great Pyramids,” published in 1999. There is also a comparison of the pyramid with a dielectric antenna. The word "pyramid" comes from the word "pir" - fire, meaning a symbol of the Divine flame, the life of all creatures. The pyramid can be used to treat. Almost any pyramid similar in proportions to the Egyptian ones has healing properties, but these properties are concentrated only inside the pyramid, and only in its upper third. And another two-thirds? They, oddly enough, can cause harm to health. And here everyone who wants to heal himself, with the help of a pyramid, faces a dilemma: either build a pyramid the size of a country house, or treat something, and cripple something. Pyramid and health With the help of a pyramid, it is easy to obtain so-called charged water, which is useful for washing with problem skin and drinking for diseases of the gastrointestinal tract. With its help, you can normalize sleep and blood pressure, and restore many body functions. Fractures heal faster, as do postoperative sutures. In one and a half months you can get rid of osteochondrosis, received about twenty-five years ago. Treatment with pyramids can be carried out using the following methods: Place the patient under a large pyramid. Place the diseased organ (arm, leg) under the pyramid. Charge aluminum foil under the pyramid for a day or more and bandage it to the sore spot for several hours. Place 1-4 pyramids under the patient’s bed so that at least one is with its peak 2 cm “below” the patient’s navel (towards the legs). Place the patient on a chair with a back, and place a pyramid under the chair (north-south orientation is required). Charge water in a closed bottle under the pyramid (1–14 days). Water should be charged in the lower third of the pyramid (conditionally dead water) and separately above the lower third of the pyramid (conditionally living water). When charging, water should not account for more than 10% of the volume of the pyramid. Pyramids of modern times 36 37 Everything will pass away, like pouring water, Cities will disappear over the centuries, Walls and vaults will collapse, Tribes and peoples will pass by; But our covenant will sound through the hosts of restless years! What is in us is forever unchanged, Everything is illusory, mortal and perishable, The song of the lyre, the creation of a chisel. But we will stand to the end, Like truth under the veil of Isis, Only we, the pyramids... V. Bryusov Literature and sources 1. Babanin V.P. Secrets of the great pyramids. Series "The World of Culture, History and Philosophy". St. Petersburg: Publishing House "Lan", 1999. 512 p. 2. V. Babanin “Pyramids - terrestrial and extraterrestrial antennas”, etc. posted on the website: http://www.shaping.ru/mku/babanin10.asp International Club of Scientists). 3. Verzhbitsky A.F. Pyramid antennas of the Earth. Part 1. Purpose and principle of action / A.F. Verzhbitsky. - St. Petersburg, 2006. - 128 p. 4. Andrey Verzhbitsky. Pyramid antennas of the Earth. http://www.pyramidantenna.ru/index.html 5. Timofeeva A.A. Could the Cheops pyramid serve to communicate with space? Telecommunications, No. 1, 2007. 6. Alexander Makhov. The end of the mystery of the Egyptian pyramids? (http://slavruss.narod.ru/osnown/Pr1.htm)

Description of the presentation by individual slides:

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On famous places of the world, the world around us, grade 3 Completed by Oksana Nikolaevna Konovalova, primary school teacher of the first qualification category

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Taj Mahal The Taj Mahal Mausoleum, located in Agra, is one of the most recognizable landmarks not only in India but throughout the world. The structure was built by Emperor Shah Jahan in memory of his third wife, Mumtaz Mahal, who died during childbirth. The Taj Mahal is considered one of the most beautiful buildings in the world, as well as a symbol eternal love. In 1983, the Taj Mahal was included in the list of sites World Heritage UNESCO.

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Taj Mahal Inside the mausoleum there are two tombs - the Shah and his beloved wife. Muslim tradition prohibits the decoration of graves. Consequently, the bodies of Mumtaz and Shah Jahan were placed in a simple crypt.

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The pedestal and tomb of the Taj Mahal were built in 12 years, while the rest of the complex took another 10 years to complete. Materials from all over Asia were used for the construction of the complex. More than a thousand elephants were used for transportation. In total, twenty-eight types of precious and semi-precious stones were set in white marble. Soon after the completion of the Taj Mahal, Shah Jahan was overthrown by his own son Aurangzeb and arrested at the Delhi Fort. After his death, he was buried in the mausoleum next to his beloved wife. By the end of the 19th century, parts of the structure fell into disrepair. The Taj Mahal was looted by British soldiers and officials, who carved precious materials from the walls of the building. In 1942, the government erected scaffolding in an attempt to camouflage the Taj Mahal from attack by Luftwaffe pilots and Japanese air forces. The same action was taken during the India-Pakistan Wars of 1965 and 1971. This had an effect, and the structure remained intact and unharmed. History of the construction of the Taj Mahal

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The Taj Mahal is the main attraction of India. Currently, the complex is threatened by environmental pollution. Due to the pollution of the Jumna River, there is a threat of its shallowing and soil erosion. Cracks began to appear in the walls of the tomb, and the mausoleum began to settle. Due to air pollution, the building began to lose its whiteness and a yellow coating appeared, which has to be cleaned annually. The Indian government is taking urgent measures to close hazardous industries in Agra and expand the environmental protection zone, but this has not yet had an effect. The Taj Mahal was included in the list of the Seven New Wonders of the World, as a result of a worldwide vote held in 2007. Taj Mahal

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Egyptian pyramids Egyptian pyramids are the greatest architectural monuments of Ancient Egypt, including one of the “seven wonders of the world” - the Pyramid of Cheops and an honorary candidate for the “new seven wonders of the world” - the Pyramids of Giza. Pyramids are huge pyramid-shaped stone structures that were used as tombs for the pharaohs of Ancient Egypt.

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Egyptian pyramids The Great Pyramid of Cheops, which is known anywhere in the world. It is she who is the face of the Egyptian pyramids and the largest construction of antiquity, giving rise to many secrets and legends around her. The construction of the pyramid took two whole decades and was completed in 2560 BC. Inside the Cheops pyramid there are three chambers - tombs. The lowest one is carved into the base of the rock on which the pyramid is built. For unknown reasons, its construction was not completed. Above it are the Queen's chamber and the Pharaoh's chamber.

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Egyptian pyramids The second most important pyramid is the pyramid of Khafre, the son of Cheops. It was built on a 10-meter plateau, so it seems taller than the Cheops pyramid, but it is not. Its height is 136.4 meters, while Cheops is 146.5 meters. Not far from the Pyramid of Khafre is the Great Sphinx - a monument carved into the rock. The Sphinx's facial features mirror those of Pharaoh Khafre.

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Egyptian pyramids The third great pyramid is the Pyramid of Mikerinus. It is the smallest of them, and was built the latest. It is only 66 meters in height, and the length of the base is 108.4 meters. Despite its small size, it is considered to be the most beautiful of the three pyramids. In addition, the pyramid of Mikerinus marked the end of the era of large pyramids. All subsequent buildings were small in size.

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Egyptian pyramids The Egyptian pyramids do not end here, we move from Giza to other parts of Egypt. The Step Pyramid of Djoser is considered one of the largest in Egypt. It is located in the village of Saqqara, and was built for Pharaoh Djoser by Imhotep himself. It occupies an area of ​​125 by 115 meters, and its height is 62 meters. This is the first pyramid of Egypt, and also very well preserved.

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Egyptian pyramids The most unusual in shape can be safely called the pyramid in Medum. It is located 100 kilometers south of the capital of Egypt, it was built for Pharaoh Huni, but it was completed by his son Snefru. It originally had 8 steps, but nowadays only the last 3 are visible. After construction, its height was 118 meters, and its area was 146 by 146 meters.

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Egyptian Pyramids The Pink Pyramid is unusual in that it has a pink hue due to the special stone used for construction. This is the third tallest pyramid after Cheops and Khafre, 104.4 meters high. Researchers believe that this pyramid was also built by the already known Pharaoh Snefru.

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Egyptian pyramids Not far from the Pink Pyramid is the Bent Pyramid, built in the 26th century. BC e. It got its name because of its irregular shape. It was built in 3 stages, at each of which it was given different angles of inclination.

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Statue of Liberty The Statue of Liberty was built on October 28, 1886. The French gave the statue to the American people as a sign of friendship between France and America. Over the past years, the monument has been recognized not only as the personification of the friendship of the two peoples, but also as a symbol of the freedom of the American people, a symbol of the USA and New York as a whole.

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Statue of Liberty The history of the Statue of Liberty, as well as the place where it was built, is closely connected with the history of the formation of the United States. The monument was placed on a pedestal inside Fort Wood, which was built specifically for the War of 1812 in the shape of a star. For the first few decades, the complex was maintained by the U.S. Lighthouse Service, and it was not until 1924 that it became a National Monument. And in 1937, the area of ​​the monument was expanded to the borders of the entire Bedlow Island, and in 1956 it was renamed Liberty Island.

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Statue of Liberty The Statue of Liberty is located on Liberty Island, in New York State. The goddess of freedom holds a torch in her right hand and a tablet in her left. “Freedom” stands with one foot on broken shackles. There are 354 steps leading to the top of the statue, and 192 to the top of the pedestal. There are 25 windows in the crown, which symbolizes the precious stones of the Earth and the rays of the sun that illuminate the world. The seven rays on the crown of the statue symbolize the 7 seas and 7 continents. The plaque the statue holds in her left hand reads: “July 4, 1776.” This date is the day of the adoption of the US Declaration of Independence. To cast the statue, 31 tons of copper were used, and the total weight of the steel structure was 125 tons.

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Sydney Opera House Sydney Opera House is a musical theater in Sydney, one of the most famous and easily recognizable buildings in the world, which is a symbol largest city Australia and one of the main attractions of the continent - the sail-shaped shells that form the roof make this building unlike any other in the world. The Opera House is recognized as one of the outstanding buildings of modern architecture in the world and has been business card Sydney. Since June 28, 2007, the theater has been protected by UNESCO as a World Heritage Site.

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Sydney Opera House The design of the Opera House is based on the desire to take people out of the world of daily routine into a world of fantasy where musicians and actors live. Every year, 1,600 performances take place here - symphony concerts, ballets, operas, theater, dance and musical productions, comedy and children's shows. This has made the Sydney Opera House one of the most creative and busy performing arts centers in the world. The Australian Ballet, Sydney Dance Company and Australian Opera Company, among others, perform here regularly.

Our project is called "Egyptian Pyramids"

We chose this project because in history lessons we had already read about the famous Egyptian pyramids and the nature of Egypt, and in the classes of the “Visual” geometry course we studied the topic “Geometry around us”

We were attracted by the mystery and significance of these structures; it is not for nothing that they are classified as the Wonders of the World. And we decided to touch on the history of Ancient Egypt and create a model using pyramid models.

Thus, objective of the project: creating a model of the Egyptian pyramids using do-it-yourself geometric models

Tasks: a) collect material about the pyramids of Egypt

b) learn everything about pyramids and make models of pyramids

c) design a layout

We worked according to plan:

Ø Determined the purpose and objectives of the work.

Ø Distributed responsibilities.

Ø Collected information on this topic in encyclopedias and the Internet

Ø Calculated and made developments and glued models.

Ø Designed the layout.

Ø We collected everything we found into the project folder

Ø Prepared for defense.

While working on the project, we learned a lot of interesting things about pyramids.

Now we will tell you about the Egyptian pyramids

1 slideThe pyramids are rightfully considered the hallmark of Egypt. The Pyramids and the Sphinx belong to the most characteristic monumental monuments of Ancient Egypt.

Pyramids were the classic type of royal tomb during the Old Kingdom, and were also built for the pharaohs of the Middle Kingdom.

Archaeologists have counted 80 pyramids. Not all of them have survived to this day.

3 SLIDE All early pyramids were built of stone, but most kings used special brick for their tombs, which does not collapse over time. The outside was covered with limestone slabs. The pyramids were built using mounds, although there are different theories about how they were built.

The oldest - Pyramid of Pharaoh Djoser - erected about five thousand years ago. Its height is 60 meters. The builder of the first pyramid, Imhotep, was an architect, physician, astronomer, writer, advisor to the pharaoh, and for many centuries was considered the greatest sage of antiquity.

The pyramids served the pharaohs, according to their religion, as a ladder along which they ascended to heaven. Therefore, the most ancient pyramids were stepped, shaped like stairs, and only the later ones had smooth walls.

4 SLIDE Most famous three great pyramids near Giza: Pyramids of the Pharaoh Cheops, his son Khafre and his grandson Mekerina. The largest of them was built first - this the Pyramid of Cheops. Initially, it rose to 147 m, but due to the advance of sands, its height decreased to 137 m. Each side of the square base of the pyramid is 233 m. The area of ​​the pyramid is more than 50,000 m2. The Pyramid of Cheops is almost solid masonry. Its internal premises occupy a very small volume - no more than 3 - 4%.

The pyramid consists of two million three hundred thousand cubic blocks of limestone with smoothly polished sides. It is estimated that each block weighs basically 2.5 tons, and the heaviest one weighs 15 tons. The total weight of the pyramid is about 5.7 million tons. Its stones are held together by their own weight - there is no binding material. Despite this, the blocks are so carefully fitted to one another that the gap between them is no more than five millimeters

5 SLIDE The pyramids are located as shown on the plan.

Three Great Pyramids were built at Giza, positioned in exact alignment with the three stars in Orion's Belt. The Egyptians believed that this constellation was a harbinger of a great event - the summer solstice. In other words, the appearance of Orion in the sky was a sign of the beginning of the rebirth of nature, the rebirth of Egypt.

6 SLIDE

Until the end of the 19th century. The Pyramid of Cheops remained the most tall structure in the world.

If the pyramid were hollow, it would include the entire site with the launch tower for the space rocket or the Roman Basilica of St. Peter's.

Until the 50s of the 20th century, the weight of the pyramid exceeded the tonnage of the entire US navy, including aircraft carriers, and its stone blocks would have been enough to build a city with a hundred thousand population or enclose the whole of France with a three-meter-high wall.

Scientists believe that even an atomic bomb dropped on Hiroshima could not destroy the creation of Cheops.

7 SLIDE The Pyramid of Cheops is built in the shape of a regular pyramid with a square at the base.

1. The sides of the base are 230.35 meters long (b=230.35 m).

2. Height of the Cheops pyramid: 146.71 meters (h=146.71 m).

3. Total triangular faces 4

4. The pyramid is made of cubic limestone blocks, the largest of which has an edge length of 1.5 meters.

5. Probably, initially, 210 steps led to the top of the pyramid.

8-11 SLIDE Inside the pyramid they represent is a complex structure. The slides show the passages, shafts, and ventilation structures where the pyramid walker robot passed through.

12 SLIDE

The most popular hypothesis states that a huge structure, similar to a petrified ray of the life-giving Egyptian sun, was created in twenty years.

The ancient Greek scientist Herodotus claims that 100 thousand people worked continuously on the construction of the pyramid every three months.

14-15 SLIDE Speaking about the pyramids of Egypt, one cannot help but touch on the riddle of the Great Sphinx

And the ruler appointed one guard to each pyramid, ready to pounce on anyone who approached, wrap their arms around his neck, strangle him, they could knock down and kill any person, and then return to their refuge...

Famous soothsayer Edgar Cayce argued that the Sphinx was created at approximately the same time as the Pyramid of Cheops. “The Sphinx faces exactly that point in the sky,” he said, where around 10450 BC three stars from Orion’s belt shone at a strictly defined place above the horizon.

So what is the purpose of the sphinx? The same Edgar Cayce wrote: “The most important information for modern humanity should be found at the base of the left front paw of the Sphinx, but not in the underground tunnels below it. The information is embedded in the cornerstone of the base of this paw. The tunnels under the sphinx, not yet known to you, also carry an information load in their configurations. However, the capsule with a message to descendants is under the left front paw..."

There's a lot of talk these days about secrets famous pyramids.There are scientific hypotheses that if you build a pyramid in a certain ratio of its elements, it will have unique properties.

Now let's move on to our layout

On our model you see 3 pyramids and the Sphinx, as well as a caravan of camels walking along the sands of Egypt to the city of Giza. We made all the pyramids from paper, making preliminary developments and then gluing them together. The pyramids are regular quadrangular, with a square at the base, and the side faces are isosceles triangles. We didn’t succeed right away; we had to redo the pyramids, they didn’t stick together. But gradually everything began to work out, and we came up with the idea of ​​adding first the Sphinx, and then a caravan of camels, in order to better represent the nature and originality of Egypt.

In custody We would like to present a portfolio of our project, where we have included the project passport, all the collected information, developments, sketches and materials for the presentation.

And further.

We decided to donate our project to the mathematics classroom in order to use it as a visual aid.

She is not wearing rags, not a robe, but an outfit of eternal stone.
She stands here not tired, even though many centuries have passed,
She reached with her head to the very gray clouds.
What did she save for people?
Great stones forgotten?
Yellow Nile's pupils lazily look at her.
Who sleeps in this ancient tomb?
Will the stones tell us
How they were all salted with tears and then crumbled with blood.
There is a pyramid on the ground, and the Gods are talking about it.
She is not wearing rags, not a mantle, but an outfit of eternal stone

Letnevskaya high school

Research project

"Secrets of the Egyptian Pyramids"

5th grade students completed:

Votchinov Vladimir

Chagovskaya Maria

Khapugin Danila

Checked: Vasyutina. E.A

1.Introduction 3-4

2. Main part

2.1. Egyptian pyramids 5-7

2.2. Mysterious properties of the pyramid 8

2.3. Pyramid value 9-10

3. Conclusion 11

References 12

1. Introduction

Ancient Egypt... Land of sands and priceless treasures. This civilization attracts many generations of people, attracts with its power, the wealth of the pharaohs, and the secrets of the pyramids.

When we started studying the topic “Ancient Egypt” in the history lessons of the ancient world, we realized that the Egyptian pyramids are a real wonder of the world, huge messengers from the past, over which time has no power. Their story is full of mysteries, so we decided to try to figure it out ourselves.

We started working on the project by dividing into study groups and choosing project topics. The group working on the project “Secrets of the Egyptian Pyramids” includes: Danil Khapugin, Masha Chagovskaya, Vladimir Votchinov. The guys and I distributed problematic issues among ourselves, determined a work plan and deadlines. Each of us did a lot of work searching, collecting and analyzing information and creating the final product of the project - a layout and drawings on the topic.

The layout of the project was completed by Masha Chagovskaya, Danila Khapugin and Vladimir Votchinov prepared the drawings.

The project topic we have chosen is relevant, since millions of people around the world are interested and ask questions regarding the Egyptian pyramids. Moreover, by understanding the true meaning of the pyramids, we can understand one of the first civilizations on Earth.

The goal of the project: to study the history of the pyramids and present information to the children in order to interest them in such a subject as history.

1. Find out what pyramids are

2. Study the properties of the pyramid

3. Reveal the significance of the pyramid for history

Hypothesis: if you study the history of the Egyptian pyramids, you can understand Ancient Egypt as a world civilization within the framework of world history.

The ancient pyramids of Egypt contain a great many secrets and mysteries. Before today scientists assigned the pyramids only the role of sarcophagi of the pharaohs - the rulers of the country and the Egyptian priests. People, neither in previous times nor now, could understand for what purposes and for whom these gigantic temples were built.

The subject of our research is the history of the ancient world.

Research methods:

1. Analysis of literature and sources

2. Comparison of scientific facts

3. Processing of results

The product of the project is a model of the pyramids and drawings by the children.

Stages of work on the project:

1. Defining the topic, clarifying the goals and objectives

2. Development of an activity plan

3. Search and collection of information

4. Project execution

5. Presentation of projects at the conference

6. Summing up, analysis, evaluation

2.1. Egyptian pyramids

Egyptian pyramids are objects of world historical and cultural heritage.

The pyramids are rightfully considered the hallmark of Egypt. The Pyramids and the Sphinx belong to the most characteristic monumental monuments of Ancient Egypt.

Pyramids were the classic type of royal tomb during the Old Kingdom, and were also built for the pharaohs of the Middle Kingdom. Archaeologists have counted 80 pyramids. Not all of them have survived to this day.

Three Great Pyramids were built at Giza, positioned in exact alignment with the three stars in Orion's Belt. The Egyptians believed that this constellation was a harbinger of a great event - the summer solstice. In other words, the appearance of Orion in the sky was a sign of the beginning of the rebirth of nature, the rebirth of Egypt.

The most famous are the three large pyramids: the pyramids of Pharaoh Cheops, his son Khafre and his grandson Mekerin. The largest of them was built first - the Pyramid of Cheops. Initially, it rose to 147 m, but due to the advance of sands, its height decreased to 137 m. The Pyramid of Cheops is almost solid masonry.

The pyramid consists of two million three hundred thousand cubic blocks of limestone with smoothly polished sides. It is estimated that each block weighs basically 2.5 tons, and the heaviest one weighs 15 tons. The total weight of the pyramid is about 5.7 million tons. Its stones are held together by their own weight - there is no binding material. Despite this, the blocks are so carefully fitted to one another that the gap between them is no more than five millimeters.

How were the pyramids built?

It is now believed that the vast majority of the blocks of the large Egyptian pyramids are made of concrete. After many centuries, it becomes difficult to distinguish concrete blocks from those cut from the same rock, since they collapse, weather and take on the appearance of “natural stones”.

In the 80s XX century French chemist, professor at the University of Bern Joseph Davidovich, analyzing the chemical composition of the “monoliths” that made up the pyramids, suggested that “they are made of concrete.” Davidovich identified 13 components from which concrete could be prepared. The theory of making blocks for building pyramids as presented by Davidovich looks like this. Workers ground soft rock using primitive millstones or graters. Then it was dried, poured into baskets and transported to the construction site. Several porters were lifting baskets of powder. At the top, wooden formwork was prepared and filled with a powder mixture. Add water and stir the solution. After the block hardened, the formwork was removed. On to the next one. This is how the pyramid grew. Moreover, when making giant blocks it was not at all necessary to make them entirely from solidifying liquid solution.

2.2. Mysterious properties of the pyramid

The shape of the pyramid has miraculous properties. In particular, it was revealed that not only the shape of the pyramid is important, but also its proportions, as well as the orientation of the pyramid to the cardinal points. As numerous studies show, the maximum effects occur at the geometric center of the pyramid and above its top.

Note that at the geometric center Great Pyramid ends with the Great Gallery - one of the most impressive and carefully executed “details” of the pyramid. Here begins the horizontal passage into the so-called “king’s chamber”, replete with numerous incomprehensible details: height differences, grooves in the walls, granite lintel. On the other hand, it was at the top of the Great Pyramid, according to Egyptian mythology, that its most important element was located - the Ben-Ben stone.

There are scientific hypotheses that if you build a pyramid in a certain ratio of its elements, it will have unique properties.

2.3. The meaning of the pyramid

Pyramids - "Houses of Eternity". In 1922-1923 The tomb of Pharaoh Tutankhamun was opened, it was not looted. The king died when he was 18 years old. The storage rooms were filled with various things of the pharaoh. The entrance was guarded by statues of the pharaoh, the wall was entirely lined with gold, and the sarcophagus occupied almost the entire room.

According to legend, the tombs of these pharaohs were destroyed by their people. The residents were tired of exhausting labor and plundered the burials themselves. Many papyri tell us about various uprisings of artisans, peasants, and stonemasons. They destroyed rich estates and temples.

The pyramids are a tomb only for the pharaoh. Even the richest nobleman could not build such a tomb for himself. Their tombs were usually built near the pyramids. The nobles wanted to be closer to the king even after death.

Inside the pyramid there is a burial chamber, to which passages lead from different sides. The walls of the passages were usually painted with religious texts.

3.Conclusion

The Egyptian pyramids, the oldest building structures, have been occupying their places of honor for centuries and glorifying the talent of their creators, thanks to whom it was possible to make eternal monuments.

Through our research, we have learned historical monuments Ancient Egypt - pyramids.

Amazing things were created in Egypt, and the greatness of the pyramids and their mysteries and secrets arouse genuine interest and a desire to continue research ancient history.

In our opinion, we managed to achieve the goal of the project - we got the guys interested in our project. We studied literature and sources, realized how majestic these buildings are - this is a memory of the great work of the people of Ancient Egypt, the first civilization on Earth.

This is an architectural monument, a great art of engineering.

The pyramids are oriented to the cardinal points, which indicates the deep knowledge of the Egyptians and their belief in the afterlife. The priests protected knowledge from mere mortals so that the secrets of the gods were not known.

A certain Arab writer said that everything on Earth is afraid of time, but time is afraid of the pyramids.

Bibliography

2.History Ancient world: textbook for 5th grade. A.A.Vigasin, G.I.Goder, I.S.Sventsitskaya. - M., Enlightenment. - 2000

3. Encyclopedia for children. T.7. Art. Part 1/Aksenova., M. - 1998