Modern sloop and its sails. Sailing equipment of yachts

Below we introduce newbies to the names the main elements of the yacht, standing and running rigging, sail and simply yacht (sea) terms.

Sail

A sail is a special fabric or plate that is attached to the hull of a yacht in order to convert the energy of the air currents into the energy of the ship's translational motion. From the point of view of its structure, the sail is a rather complex structure. And now let's take a closer look at such elements as "Mast" "Boom", "Vanty", "Mainsail", "Spinnaker", "Shtag", "Staxel" and others.

Mast

A mast is an upright structure on a boat that provides the sail with shape, stability and flexibility. Usually, when it comes to sailing single-mast yachts ("sloop", "tender") - they mean the mainmast.

Boom armament: 1 - boom; 2 - mast; 3 - a heel with a slider; 4 - sail; 5 - topping; 6 - knock; 7 - boom sheet; 8 boom guy; 9 - abduction of the boom heel

Is a device used to stretch the lower part (luff) of the oblique sails on a yacht. It is presented in the form of a horizontal rangout tree and can be fixed in relation to the mast, both in a movable and non-movable manner.

Guys

Guys- these are special tackles (usually galvanized or steel cables) of the yacht's standing rigging, with the help of which the mast is strengthened. The number of cables directly depends on the thickness of the mast itself and the area of ​​the sails.

Stag

Stag- this is a rigid steel cable of the standing rigging of the ship, which keeps the mast from falling backwards

Mainsail (sail)

Usually, grotto on single-masted yachts they call the rear sail. Actually, it is the mainsail that is one of the most important components of the sail of the yacht, because how correctly the mainsail is tuned in relation to the wind and the state of the water surface depends on how the ship will behave in certain weather conditions.

Staysail

The jib is a triangular sail that is placed on the head to support the mast in front.

A racing sail with a range of courses from gulfwind to fordewind. Unlike a spinnaker, it has a smaller area, in addition, it can be used not only in races, but also in cruise voyages with a small crew on board.

Sheet

Sheet(Dutch schoot) - a running rigging tackle designed to stretch the lower (clew) corners of the sails along the yarn or boom. Also using sheets pull back the corners of sails without a mast. Each sheet gets an additional name by the name of the sail, for example: mainsail- sheets(go back and stretch the sail to leeward side).

FAL

Fal(Dutch. val (from vallen- fall, lower) - tackle designed for raising and lowering sails (mainsail, staysail and others), individual parts of the spars (for example, yards, topmills, gaffs), flags, pennants, etc. Halyards used on ships and ships refer to running rigging.

The ends

End (ends)- the name of any rope or cable in the fleet. For example, when mooring, the mooring end is tied with one side to the pier (pier) on the bollard and the other on the duck on the yacht.

Fenders

Kranets- the lining, which is placed between the ship and the dock, so as not to damage the side, serves to reduce the contact loads on the ship's hull. Previously, fenders were woven from ropes, but later they were replaced by air-inflated rubber balls or cylinders. Due to their low cost and practicality, old car tires are most widely used as fenders.

Here are some more important terms

Suspended side- the side of the object facing towards the direction of the wind.

Windward side- the side of the object facing the direction from which the wind is blowing.

Toilet- just a toilet. Previously, this was the name of the platform, in the form of a balcony, in the bow of a sailing ship, under the bow decoration. Served as a latrine for the crew.

Galley- just a kitchen

Overstag- turn, during which the ship's course crosses the wind direction, while the ship crosses the wind line with its bow. A southeast to southwest turn with a southerly wind will be an overstag turn. Often used when tacking. Any turn of the sailing vessel (overstag or fordewind[see]) is accompanied by a change of tack. Any other maneuver of the sailboat does not count as a turn.

Fordewind- 1) the ship's course relative to the wind: the wind blows directly aft (tailwind); 2) turn of the ship ( turn fordewind, through fordewind) when the wind line is crossed by the stern. Any turn of the sailing vessel is associated with a change in tack. Other maneuvers by the sailing vessel do not count as turning.

And finally - the Admiral's hour

Admiral's hour- a pre-lunch break at 11 o'clock, which was announced daily in the fleet and in the Admiralty Collegium so that sailors and officers could "Drink and snack" before dinner. Introduced by order of Peter I.

When they talk about the sailing equipment of ships and ships, it is called "sailing equipment". Has nothing to do with weapons in the usual sense of the word. A man long ago realized that it is possible to use the force of the wind as a propulsion over water - there is evidence that even in the Neolithic era (about 8-3 millennia BC) sails were already used. It is this age that is attributed to a boat found in Fev-of-Forth in Scotland.

It is a trapezoidal panel, the luff is fixed to the yarn, i.e. (conventionally) across the diametrical plane of the vessel. Luffs: top, bottom, right, left. Luff corners: knock-benzene (right and left), on the luff - clew. The side facing the stern is the front, the bow is the wrong side. The luff has eyelets for attaching to the yard. The rest of the luffs are free. Sheets on the lower sails are put on the ship's hull, sheets upper sails(topsails and bramssels) - on the legs (ends) of the lower yards. When moving on a side-hauled course, the windward clew of the lower sail is pulled forward by a tackle called a tack. Straight sails are cut from fabric panels located perpendicular to the yards (luff). The cut is most often flat, the luff is sometimes made concave upwards. A little later, an oblique sail appeared, of which there are many varieties.

It is so called because it was used in European countries back in the days ancient rome, where they spoke, as is known, in Latin. But it should be said that even earlier such sails were known in the East, for example, in Egypt. They are still being used there. The leading edge of the triangular sail is laced to the rail, and the trailing and lower ends are free. Latin sail sometimes it is also quadrangular, see the second figure. This sail is a rack sail.

You might think that this is a gaff weapon, but it is not. In fact, this is not a gaff, but rails, because one end of it protrudes beyond the mast. And the leading edge of the sail is not tied to the mast, it also goes beyond it. It is also a slatted sail. Just like a standing gaff - guari, in the luger system occurs - standing luger

This is also a rack sail. Another type of rack armament: split foresail... It can be found on modern boats.

Why "split"? Because it looks like the sail, tied to the rail, has been cut along the mast. In fact, these are two sails. The front one is called jib, and the back - fock. Geek focu not supposed to, but sometimes sailors make it themselves. And sometimes they just tie the bottom edge fock to the oar. The boom makes it easier to steer the sail. This sail is a rack sail.

Gaff weapons

The sail is rectangular. The upper edge is laced to the gaff, the lower edge of the Bermuda sail is attached to the boom, and the front edge is attached to the mast. This type of sail is a simple sail. There is a special form of gaff. It is thin, long and placed almost vertically, usually on a low, sturdy mast. The sail has a quadrangular shape, but the upper rear corner is raised so high that from a distance the sail can be mistaken for a triangular Bermuda. Such a standing gaff is called guari... Therefore, this type of sailing rig has the same name. This is also a simple sail.

This type of sail is the easiest to handle and also works well on sharp upwind courses (ie when the boat is sailing almost upwind). Sometimes they are triangular in shape and sometimes the trailing edge is slightly rounded to increase the sail area. In this case, special narrow pockets (lat-pockets) are sewn to the canvas, and flexible long plates - armor - are inserted into them. This is to prevent folds from appearing on the sail. The bottom edge of the Bermuda sail is attached to the boom and the front edge to the mast. This type of sail is a simple sail.

There are two main types of sails: STRAIGHT and OBLIQUE.

Straight sails have no varieties.

And oblique are divided primarily into SIMPLE and RACK

Among the simple obliques, we know: 1) Bermuda 2) haffle 3) guari 4) sprint

Among the oblique rack: 1) Latin 2) luger 3) standing luger 4) split fore

Now you can go to the combinations of sailing rigs on one and two masts.

Single-mast sailing rig Two sails are most often set with one mast, less often - three. There is a single-mast armament of only one sail. The mast of such ships is called Mainmast. One sail is placed on a sailing rig of the type cat

Kat- a type of oblique sailing rig, in which a vessel (usually a yacht) has only one sail mounted on the mast itself. The cat's mast is strongly offset to the nose. Usually there is no standing rigging for cat armament. The sail can be rigid - in the form of a wing. Kat- the oldest, simplest and very effective weaponry. When the mainsail is not interfered with by other sails, it provides unusually high thrust per unit area. In addition, the cat is very easy to operate. In the past, cat had a limited distribution in Europe, but it was very popular in the USA and Canada. Here they were mainly armed with sailing dinghies, and exceptionally wide ones. The 30-foot long American cat was 12 feet wide. Nowadays, this weapon is also used, as a rule, on sailing dinghies, although sometimes small keel yachts are equipped with it.

Tender(English tender, from tend - to serve) - a type of sailing vessel with an oblique sail rig, having one mast and a bowsprit, on which the mainsail, staysail and one or two jibs are placed.

Haffle tender 1.sail (main-trisel) 2.topsail 3.staysail 4.jib

Sailing Armament The gaff tender consists of a quadrangular mainsail (trisel mainsail), a staysail, one or more jibs and an upper triangular sail (topsail). At the beginning of the 20th century, the tender was described as a ship with two or three head sails. A secondary feature, depending on the number of head sails, was the location of the mast: in the region of 1/3 - 1/2 of the length along the design waterline (CWL) from the bow. The location of the mast and the number of headsails determined the type of bowsprit used. Tenders often had a retractable bowsprit, sloops only a permanent one. Further, these insignificant differences between the tender and the sloop began to disappear. At first, the extendable bowsprit went out of fashion, and by the 30s of the 20th century, bowsprites on single-mast yachts were generally used less and less. The spread of glued spars led to an increase in the height of the masts, and the need to compensate for the insufficient height of the mast with a large number of developed head sails on the bowsprit disappeared. Tenders with three headsails have since become almost a museum rarity. The tender is, first of all, one of the types of gaff weapons. Bermuda tenders existed for a very short time, and they appeared due to the preservation of traditional head sails during the transition from gaff weapons to Bermuda. The tacking qualities of the tender are somewhat lower than that of the sloop. When, with the improvement of the spars and standing rigging, it became possible to reliably hold the mast in the longitudinal direction with just one headstock from the bow, the Bermuda tenders practically disappeared. In the era of the sailing fleet, a tender was called a single-mast auxiliary vessel, with a displacement of 50-60 tons, armed with 10-12 small-caliber cannons. Modern tenders often have a Bermuda sailing rig: instead of a trisel and topsail mainsail, one large triangular sail is used - the Bermuda mainsail.

Bermuda tender 1. mainsail 2. jib 3. jib

Sloop- two-sail single-mast armament.

Sloop(eng. sloop) - the type of oblique sailing equipment established by the middle of the 19th century - one mast and two main sails, front (staysail) and rear - (respectively, mainsail). They differ in the type of mainsail: Bermuda, gaffer, sprint, rack, etc. Additional sails vary depending on the time and place of construction: straight topsails (XIX century), jibs (early XX century), spinnakers (from the middle of XX century) ... At the beginning of the 20th century, a sloop in Europe was allowed to have only one staysail, and in America - one or two staysails. A secondary feature, depending on the number of head sails, was the location of the mast in the region of 1/4 of the length along the constructive waterline (CWL) from the bow at the sloop. Sloops, unlike tenders, could only have a permanent bowsprit. The sloop's tacking qualities are slightly higher than those of the tender. Therefore, as the advantages of elongated sails were widely recognized, tenders almost ceased to be built. Since then, the Bermuda sloop has become the dominant type of weaponry everywhere. In its development over the past fifty years, it should be noted the tendency of increasing the height of the staysail. Now the vast majority of sloops have a masthead staysail or a staysail with a height of 3/4 - 7/8 of the sail height. At the same time, the mast moved closer to the middle of the yacht's length. Since the 20th century, the vast majority of small sport sailing ships are armed with Bermuda sloops.

Two-masted sailing rig there are three main types:

1. Iol (yol)
2. Schooner

The masts of small two-masted ships are called Mainmast and Mizzen mast, if you count from the nose - this is true for Iola and Ketch... For Schooners the front mast is called Foremast, back Mainmast

Yol (yol)- a type of oblique armament of a two-masted vessel, in which the mizzen-mast is located aft from the rudder head. Typical for small sports boats of the 1950-1970s. The yola type (Dutch jol) originated in Holland. Originally it was a coastal boat, mainly adapted for fishing. Moreover, it was an oar boat, the sail was auxiliary, and was placed on a temporary removable mast. In cases where there were two masts, the mizzen was installed as far as possible in the stern to make room in the yola for working with fishing tackle. Over time, yol began to be used for military purposes, especially off the coast, where its shallow draft was appreciated. Typical Iole of the 18th century. had dimensions: length 15 m; width 4 m; draft 2 m. Mechanization of fishing and the commercial fleet generally pushed Iol into recreational and sporting vessels. It was especially developed in the 1950s. Its characteristic feature is a small mizzen mounted far aft, often directly on the transom. At the same time, the main thrust is provided by the mainsail, and the mizzen gives more maneuverability when cornering and allows fine tuning on constant courses. The typical Iole of those times has Bermuda weaponry and long bow and stern overhangs, which gives it the ability to walk in sharp courses. Iol has become popular with yachtsmen for its ability to balance the center of sail against the center of lateral resistance. A yacht set up in this way is capable of steering without the aid of the rudder. Iol was favored by famous solo sailors such as Joshua Slokum and Francis Chichester. With the advent of automatic control systems (autopilots, autopilots), this ability of the yola lost its former importance, and their place was largely taken by sloops easier to control.

Schooner(Schooner) - a sailing vessel with two or more masts and mainly oblique sails. The schooner has two types of weapons: one for transport ships, the other for yachts; both have two masts (fore and mainsail). A transport schooner (topsail or topsail schooner Topsail schooner) carries a topsail, sometimes two on the foremast, and only oblique sails on the mainmast. A schooner yacht usually has oblique arms on both masts, but sometimes carries a topsail in the fore.

At one time, schooners-yachts were very common and stood in the forefront of competing for the America Cup, but for Lately the tender completely pushed them out of the race. In addition to the schooners described above, there are also other types of transport schooners with three masts and side arms. Such schooners are called three-masted schooners. When they carry topsails on the foremast, such schooners are called Jackass. They should not be confused with the barkentines, which look like them from a distance. Barkentina differs from a schooner in that it has a brig foremast.

Ketch, ketch(eng. ketch) - a type of two-masted sailing vessel with oblique sails. They appeared in the middle of the 17th century in England and North America, as fishing and merchant ships. Merchant ships of a similar design were also called Gukors. Ketch differs from the schooner in that the ketch has a rear mast lower than the front one (in this case, the ketch's front mast is called the mainsail, and the rear mizzen, while in a two-masted schooner, the front mast is called the foremast, and the rear mainsail); the difference between the ketch and the yola lies in the location of the mizzen-mast in front of the head of the rudder stock (axis). The area of ​​the sails of the stern mast is significant and accounts for about 15-20% of the total sail area. The sails of the ketch are oblique; gaff weapons can be used. In light winds, an apsel can be installed between the mizzen and the mainsail. This type of rigging and rudder axle arrangement gives advantages in handling and propulsion in strong winds. In the 18th-20th centuries, ketch in Britain was the name of a small two-masted sailing ship, which was used mainly for coastal shipping. Usually the sailing equipment was mixed. An example is the so-called. Baltic Ketch, a type that imported timber and hemp from the Baltic ports. Ketch is often confused with yol, with mizzen located aft of the rudder stock. With the exception of this feature, both types of weapons are outwardly similar, although the mizzen at the yola is somewhat smaller relative to the mainsail. Kech requires more hands to control and is usually slightly larger. In most cases, the area of ​​the mizzen cache is approximately equal to two-thirds of the mainsail area. Depending on the type of hull and the size of the overhangs on the cages, various options for the location of the masts along the length of the vessel are possible. At the ketch, the tops of the masts are often connected by a karnak stump. The mizzen-mast of the ketch creates great inconvenience to the helmsman, the only exceptions are ships with a cockpit in the center. Iol is free from this disadvantage and, furthermore, the size of its mizzen eliminates the need for corrugation, which is an advantage of the Iola as a cruising yacht.

A yacht is a vessel designed for sports or tourism. There are a lot of types of yachts. In the world of yachts, there are as many types, sizes, as well as tastes, attachments of people. After all, a yacht, being an object of entertainment, is often a symbol of a dream come true. And people very often dream and fulfill their dreams in different ways.

When classifying yachts, first of all, they should be divided into motor and sailing yachts... These are yachts from different ideological camps, from different ideas about the dream. And although both are ultimately united by one element, the sea, each of them should be discussed separately. In this article, we will focus on the classification of sailing yachts.

1. Purpose.

First of all, it is worth dividing sailing yachts according to their main feature, for which they are actually built. By appointment. Since yachts are designed for two main types of entertainment: travel and racing, then yachts, as a first approximation, should be divided in this way. Travel yachts and racing yachts. Of course, you can both travel and chase on both of them, but we are talking about the purpose laid down by the designer. So, first of all, let's divide the yachts into:

• Yachts for travel

Travel yachts have a sturdy, sometimes weighted design. The task of the designer in this case is to provide comfort and reliability.

Racing yachts are designed to win the race. Therefore, less attention is paid to the convenience of crew accommodation and strength reserves. The designers, counting on the more highly qualified crews, reduce the weight of the yacht, force the tension in its nodes in order to achieve the maximum power-to-weight ratio. On the other hand, racing yachts are equipped with elements that expand the range of adjustments, settings, sails so that the yacht would sail quickly in the entire range of winds.

2. Distance from the coast

According to the ability of yachts to move away from the coast, yachts can be divided into those intended for sailing near the coast, in the bay, and those that can make long autonomous voyages with a considerable distance from ports - shelters. That is, yachts can be divided into:

• Walking
• coastal yachts
• and seaworthy, that is, cruising yachts.

• Pleasure yachts have a light construction, they do not have significant supplies of water and food for the crew, the navigation equipment is designed so that the crew sees and knows the water area for walks.
• Cruising yachts have a solid structure capable of carrying a supply (water, fuel, food, etc.). Mornings provide an opportunity to fully relax the team. Such yachts have no restrictions on distance from the coast.
• Coastal yachts(day cruiser) has limited amenities and small supplies to spend the day cruising around the bay.

3. The number of buildings.

If the width of the hull creates stability, why not expand it as much as possible? At one time, the designers thought about this and began to design wide hulls. Such housings have a high initial straightening moment. However, they have a major drawback. Such a hull has a high frictional resistance against water and poor seaworthiness. To resolve this conflict, multihull yachts were created: catamarans (two hulls), trimarans (three hulls). Despite the fact that the overturn of a multihull, in contrast to the overturn of a keel yacht, is a fatal event, it is impossible to put it back on an “even keel” without outside help, they are very popular. The fact is that a number of constructive measures have reduced the risk of overturning of some multihull yachts, for example cruising yachts, to practically zero.

Catamarans have two identical long narrow hulls, spaced apart to provide greater stability. The resistance of such hulls is much less than the hulls of a conventional yacht, so a catamaran on favorable winds, as a rule, develops higher speeds than keel yachts. Cruising catamarans, on which they successfully make ocean voyages, can have a very high speed and stability.

Trimarans have three hulls: the middle one (wider than that of catamarans, but much narrower than that of yachts) and two spaced and slightly raised side hulls, very narrow. The side housings are essentially floats that provide stability. When heeling, the trimaran runs on the middle body and one of the side ones. Trimarans have gained in their time great popularity as cruising yachts. However, currently the most widely used are trailer trimarans, that is, those trimarans that can be transported on a trailer behind a passenger car. Thus, according to the number of hulls, sailing yachts are divided into:

• Monohull
• Multihull (catamarans and trimarans)

4. Method for creating stability of monohull yachts

Sailing yachts use wind energy to move. The wind transfers its energy to the yacht through the sails. Sails and rigging in general are installed on the yacht, and under the influence of the wind (especially when it is directed to the side) it tends to overturn the entire yacht. To create stability, that is, the ability of a yacht to resist capsizing, there are two main ways. Firstly, with ballast, located as low as possible in the body or in a special fin (false). Secondly, using hull stability, when the body itself, due to its characteristics, primarily width, creates a straightening, that is, a restoring moment.

The first way to create stability, that is, using ballast, is using keel boats. Thanks to the ballast, the keel yacht structure has a very stable stability. These yachts are very reliable, because, for example, they "forgive" many mistakes of the crew and can adapt to different wind and wave conditions. This is a real hit in the world of sailing yachts. The double purpose of the false-keel - the placement of ballast and the creation of hydrodynamic force that prevents drift, make these yachts, no less than no more, unique inventions of mankind.

The second way to create stability, with the help of shape stability, is used by yachts in which the hydrofoil is light and has no ballast. Such a wing is called a “centerboard”, and a yacht with such a wing is called a “centerboard”. Centerboards are ballastless and can easily raise the centerboard when approaching shallow water. They also actively use the weight of the crew itself. It is moved, depending on the wind conditions, to one or another place on one or another side of the yacht, or even taken overboard on special suspensions - trapeziums.

There is also an intermediate option. These are the so-called yachts - "Compromises"... These yachts have a so called “heavy” centerboard. That is, the ballast in such a centerboard is involved in the creation of stability. Its weight, however, is not enough, since the weight of the centerboard must be such that the crew could lift it quickly enough, for example, when approaching the pier. To create the necessary stability, "compromises" can also use the weight of the crew or ballast installed in the fixed, lower parts of the hull. Thus, according to the method of creating stability, monohull yachts can be divided into:

• Keel
• Dinghy
• Compromises

5. Body material.

Yachts can be made from a wide variety of materials. The most common materials are plastic, metal, wood. Each material has its own advantages and disadvantages. The wood is beautiful, the wooden yachts are a real soulful story of the owner and his crew. Metal yachts are considered to be among the most durable. They are popular where conditions are most difficult, for example, where ice is not uncommon for a walk. Plastic yachts are the most widespread. Mainly due to the low maintenance costs of their hulls. Also, plastic yachts can be recognized as the lightest in the case of industrial technologies.

6. Status.

According to their purpose, or rather, according to their attitude, the yacht is the owner, sailing yachts are divided into charter yachts, that is, yachts intended for profit by the owner and private yachts when the owner builds or purchases a yacht for his own use. Charter yachts usually have the maximum number of cabins that can be accommodated in the hull. Then the renter will be able to invite more guests and reduce their yachting costs. Private yacht, as a rule, regardless of size, it has no more than three cabins. One for the owner and a maximum of two for guests. The number of cabins for the crew, if the owner of the yacht intends to use one, is not limited.

7. Sailing rig

The sailing equipment is very diverse. Designers are constantly improving it, using more and more new materials and technologies. Let's consider them very briefly.

Single-masted yachts:

There are a huge number of types of sailing weapons using one mast, but only one of them, namely the Bermuda Sloop, absolutely dominates the world of single-masted yachts, moreover, perhaps even the whole world of yachts.

Bermuda sloop. This is a type of sail rig when two main sails can be set using the installed mast and standing rigging. The sail in front of the mast is called the "staysail". There is a huge variety of jibs. They come in a variety of shapes and sizes. The need to have a large number of jibs are due to the fact that they are poorly regulated, adjusted for use in different wind conditions.

In the staysails, they are distinguished by the density of the material (the denser the material, the more difficult it is designed for) and by the size of the luff (edge) of the sail. There are jibs with a short luff that does not go beyond the mast and "Genoese" jibs, these are jibs that "go behind the mast. A second sail is attached to the mast by the leech. It is called a" mainsail. " does not require a change when changing wind parameters or the course of the yacht.

Distinguish between a Bermuda sloop with "top" and "fractional" weapons. Fractional armament is called such armament of a Bermuda sloop, when the front cable that secures the mast ("forestay" or simply "stag") is attached to the very top (top) of the mast

Twin-masted yachts:

Two-masted yachts are distinguished by a huge variety of sailing equipment. Here are just a few of them.

- has a main front mast ("Mainmast") and a much smaller rear mast ("Mizzen-mast"). Yola's mizzen mast does not create pulling force, and leash only balances the yacht. This yola quality is in great demand in fresh weather, when the main sails are greatly reduced ("reefed") or at anchorage, when the work of the sail, standing on the mizzen-mast, significantly reduces the load on the anchor.

- in comparison with the yol, it has a mizzen mast, commensurate with the mainsail in size. Thus, the mizzen ketch participates in the creation of thrust. This type of rig is also very practical in fresh weather. Especially he is loved by yacht owners who are in old age, when the strength to work with one huge mast and large sails is no longer enough. It is already easier for them to spread the total sail area of ​​the yacht into two similar masts. In addition, this option significantly increases the overall reliability of the yacht.

- this type of weaponry can be considered obsolete, since its mass use was once based on technologies that made it possible to unfasten the largest mast - "mainsail", only in the widest part of the hull. In terms of aerodynamic efficiency, this is an illogical, one might even say an erroneous decision, since most of the sails on the largest mast, the mainmast, begin to run in the wind shadow of the front mast. The front mast in this case is called the "foremast". More or less "schooner" type weapons are justified only on favorable winds.

However, if you need to stylize an antique yacht, which is often quite justified, or to arm it in a special way, then why not! Your romantic dreams are not a reason to be embodied in sailing equipment!

conclusions

So, we can classify sailing yachts according to a number of parameters:

1. Purpose (racing, travel yachts)
2. Ability to move away from the coast (pleasure, cruising)
3. Number of housings (one hull, multi-hull)
4. Status (charter - private)
5. Body material (plastic, wood, metal, reinforced cement)
6. Sailing equipment (Bermuda sloop, yol, ketch, schooner, etc.)
7. And monohull yachts can be divided according to the way they create the leveling moment (Keel, sailing dinghies, compromises). Considering that this is not a complete list, therefore, from the whole variety of yachts, you can always choose or design a yacht that most closely matches your request.

There are plenty of factors influencing the choice of sailing rig. Here, as in any field, it is impossible to create the perfect weaponry. Different sails are suitable for different purposes. But by force of habit and stereotype, on most yachts we see the armament of the Bermuda sloop. Try a manufacturer to offer a completely unusual sailing rig, even if it will meet a specific request better than a classic one, and it will simply lose its customers.

So another of the most important reasons to start is the opportunity to choose the sailing equipment you need exactly for yourself. 🙂

Striving to be the first is an important factor in today's progress, including in yachting. Sailing syndicates of top regattas (America's Cup, etc.) are investing heavily in testing, designing and building perfect racing cars (the budgets of the participants in the 33rd America's Cup have exceeded half a billion dollars). It is logical that successful ideas in the field of new trends in sailing armament are transmitted to mass boats. But how correct this is, after all, it is necessary to take into account at least two factors: racing cars initially go in a completely different sailing mode, and not all cruisers are chasing speed.

Let's go back a little to the history of sail development in the Old World. Literally 100 years ago, when the steam engine had not yet won success among merchants, it was straight sails, narrow and low, that were "in vogue." They dispersed ships quite well, especially on passing courses, but they were very poor maneuvers. Small fishing vessels and the first yachts pursued slightly different goals, and moreover, due to their smaller size, they made it possible to use more complex designs in armament. The gaff weapons were classics. But soon the engine finally "defeated" the sail, which remained only on yachts used for recreation, entertainment and sports. And a new requirement is imposed on racing yachts - flawless tacking. It is precisely the tack that today is decisive for the victory at classic racing distances.

So yachtsmen abandoned the gaff, and the profile of the sails is getting narrower and higher - Bermuda sails are gaining popularity.

And although in the 60s of the last century Cheslav Markhai proved that the shape of a "guari" -type sail is more effective than a "marconi" sails (Bermuda on a rigid mast), it takes more time for the ellipsoidal sails to replace the Bermuda ones. Today, technologies and materials make it possible to create spars and rigging without any problems, thanks to which the masts bend perfectly and do not create too much aerodynamic drag, but in principle, rigid masts and triangular ineffective sails are still on mass yachts. True, not because technology does not allow it today, as 40 years ago, but because now it is convenient to twist the sails into the mast, but the mast must be even.

The breakthrough came in 2000 when the Dutchman Jens Nickel proved the effectiveness of the wide mainsail. The improved aerodynamic shape with a large hump of the mainsail had more thrust and, surprisingly, less heeling force over a larger area. The yacht's yields have also dropped significantly. Nickel explains this that although the CG of such a sail has become higher, but the CG, on the contrary, has shifted down. And it is no coincidence that it was Jens Nickel who came to this conclusion - since the old days Dutch fishermen used a short curved gaff, which allowed the sailing rig to develop high thrust.

However, the evolution of the sport sail continued. Now elliptical sails are not in vogue. The modern mainsail has a pronounced knock-benzene angle, and the uppermost end-to-end batten is very much like a gaff. At the America's Cup, such weapons were first demonstrated in 2007.

Why so, was it really the most famous sail theorist Czeslaw Markhay wrong? No. The elliptical shape of the pours is indeed the best. but only in ideal and stable flow conditions. But yachts move on rough seas, and practice makes its own adjustments.

By the way, there are some minor nuances, but you have to understand that modern sports weapons cannot be correctly called Bermuda, although we continue to do so. The mainsail today has a pronounced luff and four corners.

An interesting solution to today's development of sailing equipment can be considered the Open 50 Adecco class yacht - “Etoile Horizon”. This may seem strange to some, but! At a gaff sail, the center of the windage is located below, respectively, with the same area, there is a lower heeling moment. Farther. Ocean racers do not at all strive for tacking - it is unprofitable. They need speed, and in order to find the right wind, you can make an extra detour in the ocean, not to mention the fact that in cross-country races there is initially not so much headwind. And here again gaff sail pulls better than Bermuda. And the Bermuda advantage is not so much on the tack. This can be seen in the graph shown here. In general, the Bermuda "won" the haffle actually not so much because it is advantageous in the racing part of the distance upwind, but due to the lightening of the spars, especially in the upper part of it. And modern technologies and materials allow not only making light masts, but gaffs 🙂

Let's now remember about the two-masted armament. in the 60s of the last century, Iol armament was considered ideal in many respects. This is a large sail area in the absence of technological capabilities to make high masts, and lighter sails, with which it is easier to work, and the ability to simply remove one sail instead of taking reefs ... In general, yachts over 12 meters in length were all two-masted.

But evolution takes its toll, and the sloops, due to the lower resistance of the sailing rig, push the two-masted armament back into the past. A successful renaissance of two-masted armament was the Widbred round-the-world race in 1989-90, when Peter Blake and Grant Dalton staged a delightful duel, having the advantage on full courses due to the wide and large armament area. But already the next race showed the inconsistency of the two-masted armament, against modern sloops going into surfing mode.

Until now, we have analyzed the evolution of sailing armament in Europe.

Brief summary: progress has moved the sail from the commercial channel to the recreational and sporting one. Design considerations, plus measurement formulas, led to the result that we are seeing today. But in countries South-East Asia completely different sails. Not familiar to us, but what may seem amazing is much more effective than Bermuda sails. And due to the shape of the sail, and due to the ease of control, and due to the low center of sail.

Armament refers to sails and all devices for controlling them.

4.1. Types of sailing armament: direct armament (ship, brig), mixed (bark, barquentine, brigantine), oblique (luger, Latin, rack, sprint, gaff), Bermuda (cat, sloop, tender, yol, cat, schooner).

Sail types: a- direct (brief); b- rack (luger); v- split foresail; G- Latin; d- Chinese; e- sprint; f- gaff; s- guari; and- Bermuda.

Tenders "
A - haffle, B - Bermuda

Two-masted yachts.

A - Bermuda Iole; b - staysail catch. B - gaff schooner; G - Bermuda staysail schooner

Sailing equipment parts.

The main parts of the armament are sails, spars and rigging.

Mast.

The set of all wooden and metal parts of the weaponry used to attach and carry the sails is called mast.

Parts of Bermuda Mast and Gaffle Cat, Sloop: mast, boom, gaff, staysail rails, spinnaker pole, stagpier, bowsprit.

Mast material: wood, metal, plastic.

Wooden mast construction: one-piece, glued, hollow, folding mast, stepsons

Mast sections:

A - teardrop-shaped wooden mast with a groove;

B and C - round masts with rails for external sliders;

G and D - masts with rails for internal sliders,

E - metal mast with a groove

The mast is also folding, that is, it can be laid around an axis fixed in stepchildren. The stepsons either pass through the partners and rest against the steppes with their spur (like an ordinary mast), or they are attached directly to the deck. They are sometimes called standers.

Parts of masts : top, spurs, klotik.

The upper end of the mast is called top, bottom - spur. Clotch (clot; from netherl. kloot- ball, knob), rounded dressing with protruding edges on the top of the mast or flagpole. Klotik is made of wood or metal. The rollers of the halyards are installed inside the cloth for raising flags, lanterns, etc. In addition, the cloth covers the end of the mast from moisture.

Devices for application and routing of rigging : spreaders, shackles, chicks, rollers.

spreaders. If there are more than one pair of spreaders, they are called top, middle, bottom; if there are more than three pairs, - by numbers, starting from the bottom (first spreaders, second, third, etc.).

On a gaffer yacht, the upper ends of the parts of the standing rigging are put on the mast with loops embedded on them - lights. Ogons lean on chicks- wooden or metal shoulders to protect them from slipping. Rolls-small pulleys for changing the direction of traction of sheets or other gear; they are usually placed on ducks or half-hooks. Metal parts intended for attachment to the hull and spars of rigging and spreaders are called shackles.

Parts of boom, gaff, yay, spinnaker pole : leg, heel, mustache, split, beyfoot, sprite.The device for attaching them to the mast : swivels, mustache, beyfoot.

Geek- a horizontal spar tree, to which the luff of the mainsail (mizzen, fore) is attached in one of the ways. The geek of the grotto is called mainsail-geek***, geek mizzen - mizzen geek, boom fock - fock geek. The end of the boom resting on the mast is called heel, opposite end - knock. The boom heel has a sling that fits into the swivel that allows the boom to pivot to the sides and up. The swivel is often made movable up the rail (especially on racing yachts) in order to be able to retrieve the sail without touching the halyard using the tack guy lines. Gaff, like a boom, it has a toe and a heel. The heel of the gaff has mustache, grasping the mast. Whiskers can be fixed or swivel: fixed ones are most often made of wood (oak or ash), and swivel ones are made of metal. The surface of the mustache, facing the mast, is sheathed with leather, and the place on the mast where they walk is with thin sheet copper or brass, thus protecting it from wear. To prevent the mustache from jumping off the mast, the ends are connected with a thin steel cable - by foot. One of the ends of the beyfoot is attached to the mustache with a thin hemp tackle of such strength that when the gaff falls, it breaks, protecting the mustache from breaking. They put wooden balls on the beyfoot - raksklots, so it can walk more easily on the mast and not scratch it.

Spruit -

Devices for fastening and routing of rigging : fittings, arrows, spruyty, blocks, rollers.

Metal parts intended for attachment to the hull and spars of rigging and spreaders are called shackles. Spruit - a tightly stretched steel cable on which the block slides (replaces the rails). Rolls-small pulleys for changing the direction of traction of sheets or other gear; they are usually placed on ducks or half-hooks. Blocks serve to facilitate working with running rigging and change the direction of traction. A fixed block does not give a gain in strength and only serves to change its direction. The moving block gives a gain in strength about twice, but to move the load requires twice as much tackle than would be required without the block. To determine the gain in strength given by the hoist, consider how many tackle the load holds. How many such gear- Lapps, this is roughly the gain in strength. Blocks are the most different types... The most common plastic forged blocks, which consist of pulley- a disc with a groove on the rim along which the tackle rolls, dowel- pulley axles, fittings with a hole for the axle and cheeks, protecting the tackle from friction against the forging and guiding it along the pulley.

Devices for attaching sails to spars : likpaz, rails, segars.

4.2.2. Rigging. Standing and running rigging. Good things.

Standing rigging : guys ( basic, top-end, diamond-shaped ), stays ( main, topstay, counterstay ), backstays, backstays, their purpose. Appointment.

Standing rigging consists of guys, Supporting the mast from the bend to the sides, shtagov, supporting her from bending back, and backstays, supporting from forward bending. On cat sailing dinghies, for example, class "Finn" and "OK", the mast does not have a standing rigging and under the influence of the wind on the sails it bends freely. If there are two pairs of cables on the yacht, then the upper ones are called top guys, and the lower ones basic. To increase the angle between the mast and the cable, the tops are often buried spreaders.

If there are several pairs of cables and they all go with their lower ends to the deck, then those that go to the very top of the mast are called top guys... Further down in order are located: top, middle and bottom shrouds.

No matter how many pairs of cables there are, the lowest ones, going directly to the deck, without spreaders, are called the main ones. The tops are always held in the plane of the mast, and the main ones - slightly to the stern. When there are two pairs of main cables, one of them is carried slightly ahead of the mast. Bermuda masts often do rhombo-cables, they go to the mast from the very top through the top spreaders.

Stag, going from the apex of the forward sailing triangle and supporting the staysail is called main, and if there are no others, then just a headquarters. If there are several headquarters, then the headstock coming from the top of the mast is called top headquarters**, the headstock on which the jib is placed, jib-rail. On yachts with Bermuda armament, the top mast is in most cases supported by one or two backstays, going to the stern of the vessel.

Backstays go to the deck of the ship to the sides from the place on the mast where the main staff is attached. The backstays are fastened in such a way that they can be handed over and picked up when changing tack. For this, the lower ends of the backstays are equipped with hoists or sliders, which move along rails fixed on the deck or tightly stretched steel cables. - spruits.

Attaching them to the mast and to the ship's hull : pendants, lanyards, levers, winches .

Shrouds and stays are attached to the body on the appropriate fittings - vant-potens and stag-potens, securely attached to the yacht hull itself. The tension of the cables is carried out lanyards- with screw ties or lanyard knots.

On modern yachts, fast-acting lever tensioners, or winches, are widespread, which facilitate the work of the team and accelerate the recoil and laying of the backstays (see. rice. 51). The rear main cables are sometimes supplied with such stretches - then the leeward cable is loosened and does not cut the mainsail.

Standing rigging material.

Galvanized or stainless steel wire rope. Rigid cables are twisted from thick wire and used for standing rigging, where they are not subjected to strong bends, but they are subjected to significant loads. It is impossible to pass such cables into blocks.

Running rigging ... Parts of running rigging of bermuda and gaff cat, sloop. Appointment of gear. Running rigging material.

Running rigging

Where does he run and why is he needed? Pulling, lifting - this is in a nutshell about running rigging.

Fal: to put it simply - a rope. Remembering its purpose is not difficult - everything that rises up rises with halyards. That first of all we raise, of course the sails. In order not to get confused and not shout - "hey pull the green string", the name of the files usually consists of two words. The first word is the name of the sail + the word "halyard". Everything is quite simple "mainsail-halyard", "staysail-halyard", etc.

Like any rope, the halyard has two ends. The end to which the sail or rig is attached is called "root", the end for which is pulled - "running"

Block: serves to facilitate working with running rigging and change the direction of traction. Physics was taught and there is no need to explain why the blocks are needed. The only thing that should be borne in mind is that fixed blocks do not give a gain in reducing force, their main task is to change the direction of thrust.

Sheet: rope again, this time to steer the sails. The name also consists of two words. "Boom-sheet", "jib-sheet" these are the sheets you will most often use. The first serves to control the main sail - the mainsail, the second to control the staysail. The control rule is quite simple if we are going against the wind - the sharper the course and the stronger the wind, the more it is necessary to "fill" (pull) the sheets, the wind is less, the course is "fuller" - we trample the sheets. When we are on a full course (wind in the back): the "main-sheet" is usually completely released, and the jib-sheet is selected so that the jib has the greatest completeness with respect to the wind.

Topenant: tackle holding boom. As a rule, the topping goes from the top of the mast down to the toe of the boom, forming a triangle with the mast and boom. Its main task is to prevent the boom from falling onto the deck when the mainsail is not raised, it is used during stops, walking under the engine. When the mainsail is raised, the topline should be vented, otherwise it will interfere with the correct operation of the sail.

Winch: It is not so easy to raise the sail with a halyard or to position the mainsail with a sheet. Strength is needed. To facilitate this task, winches are also used. The halyard or sheet is looped around the winch (throw on a hose), the more force you need to apply, the more wires you need to throw on. Optimally three hoses. Then, using the handle, the winch is set in motion, significantly relieving the applied forces. Winch devices vary from the simplest to self-locking and electric.

Stopper: picked up the sheets, but they need to be fixed, for this they use a stopper. A device that allows you to attach the running end of the tackle, and, if necessary, quickly drop it.

At this stage, that's enough. Although, of course, this is far from the whole list of running rigging there is still: braces, Lapps, tacks, etc. etc. We now need a minimum that will allow us to understand how the yacht works, and the subtleties ... this is already with experience and at will.

The running rigging is used to control the spars and sails, and to raise signal flags. In this case, running rigging includes boom sheets- are used to control the boom, main sheet- are used to adjust the mainsail along the boom, mainsail- for lifting the mainsail onto the mast, jib halyard- for lifting the staysail to the mast, boom guy- to pull the boom to the deck so that it does not lift up on full courses and jib sheets- to control the staysail.

Cables used as material for running rigging can be vegetable, synthetic and steel.
The following plant cables are used on yachts:
- hemp- made from hemp fibers obtained by processing hemp stalks. A rope twisted from pure hemp is called white (white). If the hemp cable heels are passed through hot tree resin (to prevent decay), then the cable twisted from them is called resinous (resinous). Resin cables are almost never used on yachts, as they are less strong (by 10-20%) and, releasing resin, can stain sails and painted surfaces. All new white hemp cables stretch at an average load of 8-9%;
- sisal- they are made from the fibers of the agave plant growing in Mexico, as well as in the south of the Crimea and the Caucasus. In terms of strength, these cables are similar to hemp, differ in yellow color and many protruding fibers (shaggy). Like hemp, they are used for tackle running rigging and mooring lines;
- mannlskwe- they are made from the fibers of wild banana stalks. The new Manila rope is silvery white. It is somewhat stronger than hemp and Sival cables. Manila rope differs from other plant ropes in elasticity, softness, lightness and ability to swim. All these qualities allow it to be widely used for running rigging, mooring lines, tugs, and imported ends. However, the Manila cable wears out faster than the hemp cable;
- cotton- they are made from cotton threads. In terms of strength, these cables are significantly inferior to hemp ones, they stretch strongly (especially when wet), decrease in thickness, and quickly wear out and rot. Nevertheless, the lightness, softness and elasticity of the cotton rope make it very comfortable to work on sheets. The new rope, thanks to its completely white color, has a very elegant look.
V last years ropes made of synthetic fibers are widely used. Due to their excellent qualities, they are gradually replacing vegetable cables in the maritime business.
The main advantage synthetic ropes - complete non-susceptibility to decay. They are more durable, resilient and lightweight than vegetable ones. So, according to some reports, with the same thickness, a nylon cable is 12% lighter, twice as elastic, more than three times stronger than a hemp cable and two and a half times more elastic than a Manila cable.
Synthetic ropes (nylon, lavsan, perlon, etc.) are used for running rigging (sheets and halyards), as a lyctrope for rejoicing sails made of synthetic fabric, as well as mooring lines and anchor ropes. Despite the relatively high cost, synthetic ropes more than pay for themselves due to their durability and other advantages.
The disadvantage of synthetic ropes is their increased rigidity: when tapping through the hand, they can easily peel off the skin. In addition, they are very stretchable: the nylon cable can lengthen up to 40% of its original length without compromising strength. Due to their low coefficient of friction, synthetic ropes can wear out if not properly secured. Therefore, when knitting knots, the running end of the tackle from such a cable should be tacked to the main one. Silky white synthetic ropes.
Steel ropes have a number of advantages: with the same weight with vegetable ropes, they are much stronger and more reliable in operation, wear less and are less susceptible to dampness. At the same time, they are much more rigid, they are afraid of kinks, and only especially flexible steel cables can withstand some knots. Steel cables are inelastic and burst under extreme tension.
A steel cable is made from individual zinc-coated (or stainless steel) wires. By the type of manufacture, steel cables are rigid, flexible and extra flexible. Flexible and highly flexible cables are made from thin wires with hemp cores in each strand. Therefore, they have good flexibility and are used for running rigging. With the same thickness, rigid cables are eight times stronger than hemp, and flexible cables six times.

Manufacturing of cables

Vegetable ropes are made as follows. From the fibers, if you imagine them hanging vertically, rotating clockwise, "in the sun", twine heels. From a certain number of cabins, but already counterclockwise, "against the sun", they twist strands. From three or four strands, again "in the sun", twist a three or four "strand rope cable work of direct descent.
If the bobbins are twisted "against the sun", the strands - "in the sun", and the cable - "against the sun", you get a cable of cable work, but reverse descent.
The four-strand cable inside between the strands has a fifth, weakly twisted and straight-elongated strand, which is called the core. A four-strand cable is more elastic, but weaker than a three-strand one by 10-20%.
If the strands for the cable are three-strand cables of cable work, then each of them is called a strand, and the cable twisted of them is called a cable cable work. Usually, the cables of the cable work are direct descent, and the cable work is reverse. The structure of these cables is shown in rice. 55.
To find out what kind of descent a given cable is, you can use the following rule: if the Russian letter "I" can be imposed on the direction of the strands, this is a cable of direct descent, the turns of the strand go like the turns of a screw of the right step; if a Latin letter can be applied to the direction of the strands "N", then this is the return cable (like a left pitch propeller).
Cable work ropes are 15-20% weaker than wire rope work.
On yachts are also widely used braided (halyard) cables. They are manufactured in the form of a braided tube with or without a core. These are the best ropes for tackle of running rigging, which does not experience very high stresses: sheets, spinnaker rigging, etc. Braided ropes are made of linen, cotton or synthetic threads.
According to technical indicators, plant cables are divided into special, elevated and normal; according to the degree of twisting - into tight and loosely twisted.
The manufacture of synthetic cables does not differ from the manufacture of vegetable cables. So, a nylon cable made from nylon fiber is made as follows. Nylon fiber threads are twisted "against the sun" into a so-called filament thread; several of these threads are twisted "in the sun" into bobbins; the bobbins are twisted "against the sun" in strands, and from three strands "in the sun" they are already twisted into a cable work. Further, the nylon cable can be subjected to thermal stabilization to fix its twisted structure and impregnated with a special composition to protect it from burning.
Unlike vegetable and synthetic ones, steel cables are twisted from six, seven or more strands. Strands of galvanized or stainless wire are twisted around the hemp core, and a cable is twisted from the strands around the hemp or wire core. Hemp cores give the ropes flexibility and retain a lubricant that prevents the core from rotting and the inner wires from rusting. Rigid cables are made only with a central wire or hemp core.
By the method of manufacturing steel ropes may be:
- spiral lay or single strand, when the cable is one \\ strand, the so-called benzene cables;
- cross lay or double cross lay; this descent is similar to the descent of an ordinary hemp cable of cable work; the wires in these cables, according to the pattern of the cable surface, are parallel to its axis;
- cable work, like the same hemp; made of three, four or six cross-lay cables (strands).
In addition, steel cables are distinguished by the direction of the lay: it can be straight - "in the sun", reverse - "against the sun" and combined, when the cable is made of alternating strands of straight and reverse lay.
For standing and running yacht rigging, a six- or seven-strand cross-lay steel cable is used. On racing yachts for standing rigging, efforts are made to use coiled ropes or replace them with strings - rolled high quality steel wire, as they create less air resistance due to the smooth surface.
Rope strength
The strength of the rope is determined in order to find out what kind of load it can withstand. It depends on its thickness. In order not to be mistaken and not to take a cable thinner or thicker than necessary, they use calculations using approximate formulas.
Distinguish breaking strength of rope- the load at which it breaks, and working strength-load that can be applied for a long time without risking damage or breaking the cable. The working strength is taken approximately six times less than the breaking strength. By measuring the thickness of the cable, you can calculate its working and breaking strength ( tab. one). The thickness of the plant ropes is determined by their circumference in millimeters, and the thickness of the steel ropes is determined by the diameter, and when measuring, you need to take the largest diameter along the protruding opposite strands.

It is important to keep in mind that a wet plant rope is weaker than a dry one, and the presence of splash (see below) reduces the strength of any rope by about 10-15%.
Depending on the thickness, the plant ropes have specific names. A rope with a circumference of up to 25 mm is called tench, ropes from 25 to 100 mm have no special names and are simply called ropes of cable or cable work in so many millimeters. Ropes from 100 to 150 mm are called perlin, from 150 to 350 mm-cable, over 350 mm - ropes.
It is useful to remember that 25 mm- this is the circumference of a thick pencil, 100 mm - a jubilee ruble, and 200 mm - a faceted glass.

For temporary fights or other work that does not require a special cleanliness of the finish, except for the pile, they use shkimushku- a cord twisted by hand from two threads, or a special linen cord; for celling, benzels and the manufacture of mats are used shkimushgar- a lace made of low-grade hemp, twisted in a factory way from two, three or six strands.

Winches, hoists. Their purpose, parts, gain in power.