What are the sails on the ship. Ship Sailing

Sails are divided depending on them (forms and anchorage places. So, in shape they distinguish between rectangular, trapezoidal and triangular sails, and depending on the place of attachment - sails, the upper edge of which is attached to the pole, sails, one of the sides

which are mounted on the mast, and sails, in which one of the sides is mounted on a cable.

In addition, all sails can be divided into straight and oblique - the first set across, and the second along the diametrical plane of the vessel. Oblique sails, in turn, are divided into Latin, gafelny, jibs and staysails.

Straight sails. They have a quadrangular - rectangular or trapezoidal - shape and are attached to the yoke with their upper side. The underside, usually somewhat curved upward, is secured by sheets and tacks to the underlying yard or deck of the vessel.

Straight sails are easy to fasten, set and sow, it’s easy to divide into smaller ones. They are widespread, but maneuvering a ship with them is inconvenient. Indeed, the smallest angle between the direction of the wind and the diametrical plane in the bow of the vessel is approximately 67 °.

Depending on the ray to which the sail is attached, there are: fock, for-marseille (lower and upper), for-brahmseli (lower and upper) and for-bom-brahmsel; mainsail, mainsail Marseille (lower and upper), mainsail (main and lower) and mainsail-bom-marcel; mizzen, kruisels (lower and upper), kruys-brahmsels (lower and upper) and kruys-bom-brahmsel (Fig. 308, a).

Direct sails were previously installed on the blind-stand (bom-blind-boven), as well as on the blind- and bom-blonn-ray (blind under the bowsprit and bom-blind under the harness). It is interesting to note that the blind and bom-blind each had two or three holes for the flow of water that fell on the sail.

Fock, mainsail and mizzen are called lower, or storm, sails, while the rest are called Marseille, Brahmseli and Bom-Brahmseli, upper (Fig. 308, b). The Romans placed Marseille over the grotto, and sometimes it was made triangular and tied to a small rail or mast. In the latter case, it could be either a whole, or from two halves.

Fig. 308. Straight sails: a - set of straight sails 1 regular with one marseille.

I grotto; 2 marseille; 3 - brahmsel; 4 - upper brahmsel.

II - with lower and upper marseille.

1 - mainsail; 2 - lower Marseille; 3 upper marseille; 4 lower brahmsel; 5 upper brahmsel; 6 - bom bramsel;

B - a set of ship sails of the XIX-XX centuries.

1 - fore-otengi-staysail; 2nd middle jib; 3 "clnver; 4 - bom jib: 5 foc; b - lower marcel; 7 - Upper Fort Marseille; 8 - lower for-brahmsel! 9 - upper forbramsel; 10 - for-bom-brahmsel; 11 - Fort Trumesel; 12 - grotto; "3 - lower grotto-marseille; 14 - upper grotto-marseille; 15 - lower grssy-brahmsel; 18 - upper grotto-brahmsel; 17 - grotto-bo.ch-brahmsel; 18 - grotto-trumessel; 19 - mainsail (a small Sail sometimes used on large sailing ships); 20 - mizzen; 21 - Inijiy kruisel; 22 - upper kruisel; 23 lower kruys-bram-sel; 24 - upper kruis-bramsel; 25 - kruis-bom-bramsel; 26 - kruys-trumesel; 27 - counter-mizzen; 28 - for-under-lisel; 29 \u003d for-mars-lnsel; 30 for-brzm-lnsel; 31 for-fights-bram-fissel.

Latin sails. These sails, triangular in shape, are tied to the yarn (ryu) with the long side; in the diametrical plane of the vessel, in the direction of the stern, they are stretched with the help of a sheet. Latin sails, as already mentioned, are skew. They, unlike straight sails, allow the ship to go steeper towards the wind, namely at an angle of up to 20 °.

Latin sails are called depending on their affiliation with a particular mast, namely: the Latin foresail, mainsail and mizzen. The largest sail used on the galleys was called Italian bastardo, the middle - borda and the smallest marabotto

or marabutto. One or another, the sail was set depending on the strength of the wind. When the weather was bad, the “fortune” -rea raised a straight - storm - sail.

Until the end of the XVni century. on ships with direct sails, the mizzen mast carried the Latin mizzen. Since the middle of the XVI century. bizani are used in two forms: the traditional triangular (so-called mizan of the French type) and trapezoidal, fixed with its upper side to the bar, and the front, vertical, on the mast (mizan of the English type). The mizzen of this form was similar to a hafel sail - a trisel (rns. 309).

Hafel Sails. They have a trapezoidal shape and are divided into actually gafel sails (trisels), half-topsels, alfalfa, or rake, and sprint.

The trisel has the shape of an irregular trapezoid, which with its upper edge is attached to the mizzen gafel, the bottom to the mizzen-geek and the vertical side to the mast or trisel mast.

Gulf-topsel - a triangular sail, which with its lower side is attached to a mizzen giselle, and vertical - to the rod. Trisels are placed on the mizzen masts of ships with straight sails and on all masts of a hafel schooner. At tenders, trisels and gulf-topsels are currently replaced with one triangular sail, a verti, the kale side of which runs along the mast in a special groove or shoulder strap, and the lower one is attached to the hcc. In England and the Soviet Union it is called Bermuda.

Luger, or raked, sails are a special kind of hafel: their upper side is attached to a small rail, the halyard of which is fixed to Vg of the length of the rail, counting from the front nose. They are called “Tretyakov”. The lower front corner of the sail is pulled towards the bow, and the rear - towards the stern.

There is a quarter. This is the name of the luger sail, the front lower corner of which is attached near the mast, and the halyard is on v4 the length of the rail, counting from the front knock.

Sprint sails are quadrangular sails with a sharp rear knock angle that stretches diagonally by the sprint rod. The lower end of the sprint abuts against the line on the mast, and the upper end - against the rear corner of the sail.

Earlier, hafel sails were divided into the following: hafel sails with a hafel and boom (brigantine sails); Hafel sail without boom; sprint sails, similar to the above, also called livarda - by the name of the sprint; luger sails identical to the Tretyaks, and billander, also similar to the Tretyaks. Billander was the main sail of the ships, which the British and Dutch used as merchant ships. These were two-masted vessels with a very long trapezoidal sail, which hung on a small yacht.

The oblique sails include triangular sails: guari and large spherical spinnakers mounted on the bow with the help of a shot-spinnaker-boom - and used in fair winds (Fig. 310). This sail is optional.

Cleaver. These triangular sails are placed between the foremast and the bowsprit, sometimes right on the poles or handrails specially stretched for them. Jibs appeared in the XVIII century.

Modern sailing vessels with a long harbor can carry the following jibs: on the fore-headquarters - a storm fore-stays-staysail or fore-staysail (the latter are raised during a storm; in the 13th century, in these cases the so-called double sail or “storm” jib"); on for-sten-shtag - for-stengi-staysail; on the rails - the middle jib, jib and bom-jib. Sometimes they also use the sixth jib, which walks along the for-bom-bram-headquarters.

With a small rigging, sailing vessels carried four jibs: for-rods-staysail, middle jib, jib and bom-jib (see Fig. 314, b). On tenders and yachts they put a special jib, the lower edge of which has a considerable length. Such a jib is called “genoa” (Genoese staysail).

Warships usually carried four jibs: fore-shtangy-staysail, or "small jib"; middle jib, jib, or

“Second jib”, or “false jib”; bom jib, or "third jib".

Jibs. These triangular sails go along the stays, from which they got the name staysail (in German: Stagsegel, Stag - stag, Segel - sail).

The staysails located between the fore and main masts are divided into the following: main staysail (rarely used), main and staysail (also called “coal”, since the galley on ships was mostly located behind the fore mast and smoke from the galley pipe polluted him), the mainsail-bram-staysail and the mainsail-bom-bram-stack-sel. Between the main and mizzen-masts put an apsel, or "mizzen-staysail"; cruise-staysail; cruise-bram-staysail and cruise-bom-bram-staysail (Fig. 311).

Previously, the following staysails were distinguished: main-staysail, mainsail-staysail, “second” or “small” mainsail-staysail (it was placed on ships with two mains-staysail and sometimes called “main-top-staysail) ", Now the midship-staysail); mainsail-bram-staysail, cruise-staysail or “cruise jib”; kruys-sten-staysail, kruys-bram-staysail and the “second” kruys-bram-staysail (rarely used).

  - (goll. kluwer). A triangular oblique sail on the front of the ship. Dictionary of foreign words included in the Russian language. Chudinov AN, 1910. CLIVER call. kluwer. A triangular sail at the front of the ship. An explanation of 25,000 foreign words ... Dictionary of foreign words of the Russian language

A slanting triangular sail, lifted between the foremast and the bush, moreover. On sailing ships there are up to three jibs, called (in the direction from the mast) the second, or middle, jib, jib and bom jib, on yachts with a light wind they put a triangular ... ... Marine dictionary

- (from goll. kluiver) a triangular sail between the bow mast and bowsprit. On sailing ships there are up to 4 jibs. An enlarged yacht jib is called a bulk carrier ... Big Encyclopedic Dictionary

Male., Pestilence. oblique, triangular sail on the bowsprit. There are up to four triangular sails: the first from below, the forstaxel, then the jib, the forstenistaxel and the bomber. Jib, related to jib. Cleavergals, halyard, sheet, etc. see tack, halyard, ... ... Dahl's Explanatory Dictionary

CLIVER, jib, husband. (Dutch. kluiver) (n.). A triangular oblique sail in front of the ship. Explanatory dictionary Ushakov. D.N. Ushakov. 1935 1940 ... Explanatory Dictionary of Ushakov

Exist., Number of synonyms: 1 sail (54) Dictionary of synonyms ASIS. V.N. Trishin. 2013 ... Synonym dictionary

jib   - jib, pl. Cleaver, genus. jibs and jibs, jibs ... Dictionary of pronunciation and stress difficulties in modern Russian

A; many jibs and jibs; m. kluiver] Pestilence. Oblique triangular sail in front of the ship. Put to. * * * Jib (from goll. Kluiver), a triangular sail between the foremast and the bowsprit. On sailing ships there are up to 3 jibs. Jib with ... ... encyclopedic Dictionary

The triangular sail at the bow of the ship is old. beak, by Peter I, 1721; see Smirnov 144. From the Netherlands. kluiver or nzh. him. Klüver; see Meulen 102 ... The etymological dictionary of Russian language by Max Fasmer

  - (Klywer), a manufacturer of woolen fabrics, already working under Elizabeth Petrovna, p. 1726 † in St. Petersburg. Aug 10 1792 (Polovtsov) ... Big biographical encyclopedia

Books

•   , F. Cleaver. Professor Phil Cleaver is a laureate of numerous awards and a designer with his eyes on the world, with thirty years of creative experience behind it. Cleaver leads the world famous designer ...
• What you won’t be taught at the design school, F. Cleaver. Professor Phil Cleaver is a laureate of numerous awards and a designer with his own view of the world, behind his thirty years of creative experience. Cleaver leads the world famous designer ...

Sailing weapons

Sails serve to set the ship in motion and consist of a different number of stitched canvas panels. There are two main types of sails: straight sails and skew sails, which, in turn, are divided into:
latin sails
  hawed sails
  jibs and staysail

SAILING WEAPONS OF A SHIP

1 - bom cleaver; 2 - jib; 3 - second or middle jib; 4 - fore-stays-staysail; 5 - for-bom-brahmsel; 6 - upper for-brahmsel; 7 - lower for-brahmsel; 8 - upper marseille; 9 - lower marseille; 10 - fock; 11 - mainsail-bom-bram-staysail; 12 - mainsail-bram-staysail; 13 - mainsail-staysail; 14 - grotto-trumessel; 15 - mainsail-bom-brahmsel; 16 - upper grotto-brahmsel; 17 - lower grotto-brahmsel; 18 - upper grotto Marseille; 19 - lower grotto-marseille; 20 - mainsail; 21 - lower marseille; 22 - cruise-staysail; 23 - cruise-bom-brahmsel; 24 - cruise brahmsel; 25 - crusey-marseille upper; 26 - lower marseille; 27 - begin (mizzen); 28 - smuggling.   http://flot7.narod.ru

Straight sails are carried on yards, slanting on the headquarters (staysails) and on hafels (trisels). All sails were triangular or quadrangular. The use of one type or another of sails is due to the ship's course relative to the wind, it is obvious that with a full backstroke and fordewind, oblique sails are practically useless, just like straight sails are useless with a badewind.
  There are additional sails that serve to increase the total area of \u200b\u200bthe sails and, accordingly, the speed, and storm sails - in stormy conditions they usually reduce the area of \u200b\u200bthe sails in accordance with the strength of the wind. Storm sail-staysail, storm fore-stair-staysail, lower marseille, grilled mainsail, main-sten-staysail and grinned mizzen are referred to storm sails.
Types of sailing weapons

By equipping sails, the following types of sailing weapons are distinguished:

Direct armament

Direct armament is characterized by the presence of direct sails on the vessel, which are fastened by the upper crib to the yards (horizontal mast trees mounted on masts).
  Direct armament is one of the oldest armaments of ships, it is convenient to maintain, allows you to develop high speed, but is effective only in fair wind. Rake weapons
  The Chinese rake sail (commonly known in Western Europe as the weaponry of the junks) is effective when sailing with both sharp and full courses to the wind, is easily corrugated and is served by a small crew.
  Due to the fact that the sail is made up of parts, and the bamboo provides rigidity, it can be easily and quickly repaired. This simple and effective weapon has never been used on work boats in other parts of the world. Recently, designers have begun to realize its advantages, and junior weapons are installed on some modern yachts.

Latin armament

The Latin sail owes its origin to Arab shipping, then it appeared on the galleys of the Mediterranean Sea, later in the North European regions: it was widely used until the XVIII century. It is enough to see the models of Russian ships of that time or the paintings of the painter-marinists, then he was replaced by hafel weapons, and then Bermuda.
  The rigging with this sail is well adapted for calm waters and light wind; with it a rather high speed was achieved. Latin armament is characterized by a triangular sail, tied to a ryu, hanging at an angle of 45 degrees to the mast, and a short mast. At a slight angle to the ryu in the upper part of the sail was a reef bow.
  An example of the use of Latin weapons is galeas.

Hafel weapons

The modern Dutch sloop has changed slightly compared to its predecessor, which was common in the Netherlands in the 17th century. The hafle grotto, from which the weapon got its name, is a quadrangular sail, lifted with the help of a movable mast tree - a hafel (like other parts of the mast serves to carry oblique sails, a feature of the hafel is the ability to move freely from the beam of one side to the beam of the opposite), the lower skid of the sail is attached to the boom (the mast tree, which serves to stretch the lower skid of the oblique sails, can be tightly fixed or be movable).

Sprint weapons
  Sprint armament is characterized by the presence of a sprint grotto, which is attached using a special mast - sprint. Vessels armed with a sprint sail sailed off the Dutch and German shores of the North Sea. Sprint rigging was also characteristic of inland navigation vessels.
Bermuda weapons
  The Bermuda Grotto, from which the weapon got its name, is a triangular sail, hoisted on a high mast. Bermuda weapons replaced the hafel in the early years of the 20th century.

Latin sail

These sails, triangular in shape, are tied to the yarn (ryu) with the long side; in the diametrical plane of the vessel, in the direction of the stern, they are stretched with the help of a sheet. Latin sails are skew. They, unlike straight sails, allow the ship to go steeper towards the wind, namely at an angle of up to 20 °. Latin sails are called depending on their affiliation with a particular mast, namely: the Latin foresail, mainsail and mizzen. The largest sail used on the galleys was called Italian bastardo, the middle - borda and the smallest marabotto or marabutto. This or that sail was set depending on the strength of the wind. In bad weather, a “straight sail” was raised on the “fortune”.
  Until the end of the 18th century, on ships with direct sails, the mizzen mast carried the Latin mizzen. Beginning in the middle of the 18th century, two forms of bisan have been used: the traditional triangular (the so-called mizan of the French type) and the trapezoidal one, fixed with its upper side to the rail, and the front, vertical one, on the mast (the so-called mizan of the English type). The mizzen of this form was like a hafel sail - a trisel.
  Mizan on large ships until almost 1790 was a Latin sail in the rue.

Hafel Sail

Hafer sails are sewn from canvas panels and have folded edges around the perimeter, sheathed with lyktros, with the corresponding reefs, krengels, bows and bows. The sail anchor attached to the hafel is called the upper, or oblique, anchor attached to the mast or trisel mast, - front, or standing, aft - rear, or clew; the last one is the lower one. The upper front corner is called the upper tack, the upper upper one is knock-benzel, the lower front one is tack and the lower lower one is clewed.
  Hafel sail attached to the mast with the help of wooden or iron hoops - segars. It is attached to the mizzen-geek either with the help of seasons or in the same way as the Latin sails to the yarns - with a slab that goes around the boom or a special conductor stretched over the mizzen-geek. Triselles are attached to the hafel in the same way.
  Hafel sails have a trapezoidal shape and are divided into actual hafel sails (trisels), gulf-topsels, alfalfa, or raked, and sprint. The trisel has the shape of an irregular trapezoid, which with its lower edge is attached to the mizzen gafel, the bottom to the mizzen-geek and the vertical side to the mast or trisel mast.
Gulf-topsel - a triangular sail, which with its lower side is attached to a mizzen giselle, and vertical - to the rod.
Trisels are placed on the mizzen masts of ships with straight sails and on all masts of a hafel schooner. At tenders, the trisel and gulf-topsel are currently replaced with one triangular sail, the vertical side of which goes along the mast in a special groove or shoulder strap, and the lower one is attached to the boom. In England and Russia it is called Bermuda.
Luger, or raked, sails are a special kind of hafel: their upper side is attached to a small rail, the halyard of which is fixed at 1/3 of the length of the rail, counting from the front nock. They are called Tretyakov. The lower front corner of the sail is pulled towards the bow, and the rear - towards the stern.
  There is a quarter. This is the name of the luger sail, the front lower corner of which is attached near the mast, and the halyard is 1/4 of the length of the rail, counting from the front nose.
Sprint sails are quadrangular sails with a sharp rear knock angle, which is stretched by a diagonally set rod - sprint. The lower end of the sprint abuts against the line on the mast, and the upper end - against the rear corner of the sail. Earlier, hafel sails were divided into the following: hafel sails with a hafel and boom (brigantine sails); Hafel sail without boom; sprint sails, similar to the above, also called livadra - by the name of the sprite; luger sails identical to the “Tretiaks” and billander, also similar to the “Tretiaks”. Billander was the main sail of the ships, which the British and Dutch used as merchant ships. These were two-masted vessels with a very long trapezoidal sail, which hung on a small yacht. The oblique sails include triangular sails: guari and large spherical spinnakers mounted on the bow with the help of a shot - spinnaker-boom - and used in fair winds. This sail is optional.

Jib

These triangular sails are placed between the foremast and the bowsprit, sometimes right on the poles or handrails specially stretched for them. Jibs appeared in the XVIII century. Modern sailing ships with a long harbor can carry the following jibs: on the fore-headquarters - a storm fore-stays-staysail or fore-staysail (the latter are lifted during a storm; in the 13th century, in these cases the so-called double sail or “storm” jib"); on for-sten-shtag - for-stengi-staysail; on the rails - the middle jib, jib and bom-jib. Sometimes they also use the sixth jib, which walks along the for-bom-bram-headquarters.
  With a small rigging, sailing vessels carried four jibs: for-rods-staysail, middle jib, jib and bom-jib.
On tenders and yachts they put a special jib, the lower edge of which has a considerable length. This jib is called “Genoa” (Genoese staysail).
  Warships usually carried four jibs: fore-shtangy-staysail, or “small jib”; middle jib, jib, or “second jib”, or “false jib”; bom jib, or “third jib”.
  Staysails are triangular or quadrangular and go along the stays, which is why they are called stays (German Stagsegel, Stag - Stag, Segel - sail).
  The staysails located between the fore and main masts are divided into the following: main staysail (rarely used), the main stencil and main staysail (also called “coal”, since the galley on ships was mostly located behind the fore mast and smoke from galley pipe polluted him), mainsail-bram-staysail and mainsail-bom-bram-staysail. Between the main and mizzen masts they put an apsel, or a mizzen-staysail; cruise-staysail; cruise-bram-staysail and cruise-bom-bram-staysail.
  Previously, the following staysails were distinguished: main-staysail, main-stays-staysail, “second” or “small” main-stays-staysails (they were placed on ships with two main-stays-staysails and sometimes called the main-top-stains-staysails, now midship-staysail), mainsail-bram-staysail, cruise-staysail or “cruise jib”; kruys-sten-staysail, kruys-bram-staysail and “second” kruys-bram-staysail (rarely used).

Many novice sailors ask a simple question - why do we need a slanting sail, try to figure it out.

Question: why do we need a slanting sail   on the ship?
Answer:    an oblique sail is needed for the ship to go against the wind, so to say steeper to the wind, up to a maximum of 20 degrees.

Oblique sails on any ship in frequent cases are set along the deck of the ship, usually in a full diameter plane.

Simple slanting sails always have a diverse triangular look:
Simple sails.
—
—
Rake sails.
—   Luger sail
—   Latin sail
Shtabovye sails.
—   Jib
—   Staysail

This is the most common sail type at the moment. Its front luff is fully stretched throughout the mast, but the bottom is stretched along the boom. This type of sail is easy to adjust to the wind, and it most resembles an aerodynamic airplane wing.

This is the famous Latin sail perfected in the 17th century. It looks like an irregular trapezoid shape, the upper cradle is firmly attached to the hafel, but the lower one is attached to the boom.

3. Luger sail: This sail is less common and not so popular, but still used by professionals. Its upper crib is attached to the rail, but the bottom is easily attached to the boom. Its appearance is an inverted or irregular, slightly shifted, trapezoid.

4. Latin sail:   This type of sail was originally a full-fledged right-angled triangle. The hypotenuse, with a straight straight side, is easily attached to the rail, which is slightly inclined forward. The flat front end of the main rake completely reaches the common deck, that's just the tack attached to it.

5. Cleaver:   This sail is attached to gear that extends from one mast to the bowsprit. It has a slightly oblique, triangular appearance. There may be several jibs on the ship.

6. Staysail:   usually placed on a strong headquarters - these are the main gears of a fully standing rigging on a special vessel that support a common mast in front. These sails rise between the masts or, in special cases, in front of the fore mast itself.

Now I sort of figured out why we needed a slanting sail on a ship, but those words that are not clear, I advise you to read the encyclopedia.

And if you like magic, then I advise you to read about it on your own, especially at home.

Types of sails by the number of their listing in the article.

1.

2.

Sailscalled the connected canvas canvas, which perceive the pressure of the wind and used to move the ship. The totality of all sails is called sailing weapons the ship. Sailing is understood as the total area of \u200b\u200ball sails, and the types of sails that this vesselor boat (Latin, straight, storm, etc.). Distinguish nasal windage, the area of \u200b\u200bthe sails that are to the nose from the vertical axis of rotation the ship, and stern - the area of \u200b\u200bthe sails, which are located in the stern from this axis. These terms are used to study the impact that the corresponding sails on the yaw and agility of the ship.

Sail Classification

Sails are divided depending on their shape and anchorage.
  The shape distinguishes between rectangular, trapezoidal and triangular sails.
  Depending on the mounting location:
  sails upper edge, which is attached to the yoke;
  sails are one of the sides that are attached to the mast;
  sails, in which one of the sides is mounted on a cable.
  In addition, all sails can be divided into straight and oblique - the first set across, and the second along the diametrical plane of the vessel. Oblique sails are divided into Latin, hafer, jibs and staysails.

Direct sails

Direct sails have a quadrangular - rectangular or trapezoidal shape and are attached to the yoke with their upper side. The lower side, usually slightly curved to the top, is secured with sheets and tacks to the underlying shovel or deck of the ship. Straight sails are easy to mount and set, it is easy to divide into smaller ones. They are widespread, but maneuvering a vessel with them is extremely inconvenient, since the smallest (effective) angle between the direction of the wind and the diametrical plane of the bow of the vessel is approximately 67 degrees. Vessels with such sails are the five-masted ship Royal Clipper, the four-masted barque Kruzenshtern. Depending on the ray to which the sail is attached, there are: foresail, for-marseille (lower and upper), for-brahmseli (lower and upper), mainsail (main and lower) and mains-bom-brahmsel; mizzen, kruisels (lower and upper), kruys-brahmsels (lower and upper) and kruys-bom-brahmsel. (fig. 1)

1 - fore-staysail-staysail; 2 - middle jib; 3 - jib; 4 - bom cleaver; 5 - focus; 6 - lower fort-marseille; 7 - Upper Fort Marseille; 8 - lower fore - brahmsel; 9 - upper forbramsel; 10 - for-bom-brahmsel; 11 - Fort Trumesel; 12 - grotto; 13 - lower grotto-brahmsel; 14 - upper grotto Marseille; 15 - lower grotto-brahmsel; 16 - upper grotto-brahmsel; 17 - mainsail-bom-brahmsel 18 - mains-trumessel; 19 - the grotto-munsel (a small sail that was used on large sailing ships); 20 - mizzen; 21 - lower crusel; 22 - upper crusel; 23 - lower cruise brahmsel; 24 - upper cruise brahmsel; 25 - cruise-bom-brahmsel; 26 - cruise-trumessel; 27 - counter mizzen; 28 - for-under-lisel; 29 - for-mars-fox; 30 - forbram-lisel; 31 - for-bom-bram-faux;

Direct sails   previously installed on the blind-stand (bom-blind-boven), as well as on the blind- and bom-blind-rai (blind under the bowsprit and bom-blind under the attachment). Their feature was made two or three holes for the drain of water that fell on the sail. Fock, mainsail and mizzen are called lower, or storm sails, while the rest are called Marseille, Brahmseli and Bom-Brahmseli, upper. (fig. 2)

set of straight sails

I - usual with one marseille: 1 - mainsail, 2 - marseille, 3 - brahmsel, 4 - upper brahmsel;
  II - with the lower and upper Marseille: 1 - the mainsail, 2 - the lower Marseille, 3 - the upper Marseille, 4 - the lower Marseille, 5 - the upper brahmsel, 6 - bom-brahmsel;

Latin sails

Latin sails these are triangular-shaped sails, tied to the yarn with the long side; in the diametrical plane of the vessel, in the direction of the stern, they are stretched with the help of a sheet. Latin sails are skew. They allow the ship to go at an angle of 20 degrees relative to the ship's course and wind direction. Latin sails are called depending on their affiliation with a particular mast, namely: the Latin foresail, mainsail and mizzen. The largest sail used in the galleys was called "bastardo", the middle - "borda", the smallest "marabotto". Each of the sails was set depending on the strength of the wind. In bad weather, a “fortune-sail” raised a straight line - a storm sail. Until the end of the 18th century, on ships with direct sails, the mizzen mast carried the Latin mizzen. Already from the middle of the 18th century, two forms of bisan began to be used: the traditional triangular (so-called mizan of the French type) and trapezoidal, fixed with its upper side to the rail, and the front, vertical one, on the mast (mizan of the English type). The mizzen of this form was like a hafel sail - a trisel. (fig. 3)

Hafel Sails

Hafel Sails   have a trapezoidal shape and are divided into actually hafel sails (trisels), gulf topsels, lugeror racksand sprint. Trysailhas the shape of an irregular trapezoid, which with its upper edge is attached to the mizzen gafel, the lower edge to the mizzen-geek and the vertical side to the mast or trisel mast. Gulf-topsel - a triangular sail, which with its lower side is attached to the mizzen gafel, and the vertical side - to the post. Triseliset on the mizzen masts of ships with direct sails and on all masts of a hafel schooner. At tenders, the trisel and gulf-topsel are currently replaced by one triangular sail, the vertical side of which goes along the mast in a special groove or shoulder strap, and the lower one is attached to the boom. In the UK he was called Bermuda.

Luger or rake sailsthey are a kind of hafel: their upper side is attached to a small rail, the halyard of which is fixed to a third of the length of the rail, counting from the front knock. They are called “Tretyakov”. The lower front corner of the sail is pulled towards the bow, and the rear - towards the stern. There is a quarter. So called luger sail, the lower front corner of which is attached near the mast, and the halyard - on one quarter of the length of the rake, counting from the front knock. Sprint sails are quadrangular sails with a sharp rear knock angle, which is stretched by a diagonally set rod - sprint. The lower end of the sprint abuts against the line on the mast, and the upper end - against the rear corner of the sail. Previously, hawfed sails were divided into hafel sails with a hafel and boom (brigantine); Hafel sail without boom; sprint sails, similar to the above, called “livarda” - by the name of the sprint; luger sails identical to the “Tretiaks”, and billander, also similar to the “Tretiaks”. Billander was the main sail of the ships, which the British and Dutch used as merchant ships. These were two-masted vessels with a very long trapezoidal sail, which hung on a small yacht. The oblique sails include triangular sails: guari and large spherical spinnakers mounted on the bow with the help of a shot - spinnaker-boom - and used in fair winds. This sail is considered optional. (fig. 4)

Staysail

These triangular sails go along the headquarters, from which they got the name staysail (German stag - headquarters, segel - sail). Staysaillocated between the fore and main masts, they are divided into the following: main-staysail (rarely used), main-stays-staysail (called “coal”, as smoke from the galley chimney polluted it), main-bram-staysail and mainsail bram-bram-staysail. Between the main and mizzen masts they put an apsel, or "mizzen staysail"; cruise-staysail; cruise-bram-staysail and cruise-bom-bram-staysail (Fig. 5). Previously, the following staysails were distinguished: main-staysail, mainsail-staysail, “second” or “small” mainsail-staysail (midship-staysail); mainsail-bram-staysail, cruise-staysail or “cruise jib”; cruise-sten-staysail, cruise-bram-staysail and the “second” cruse-bram-staysail (rarely used).

Jib

These triangular sails are placed between the foremast and the bowsprit, sometimes right on the poles or handrails specially stretched for them. Jibs appeared in the 18th century.

Modern sailing shipsthat have a long harness can carry the following jib: on the fore-headquarters - storm fore-stays-staysail or fore-staysail (rise during a storm; in the XVIII century in these cases a double sail or “storm jib” was put); on for-sten-shtag - for-stengi-staysail; on leer - middle jib, jib or bom jib. Sometimes they also use the sixth jib, which walks along the for-bom-bram-headquarters. With a small rigging, sailing vessels carried four jibs: for-rods-staysail, middle jib and bom-jib (Fig. 6 b). On tenders and yachts they put a special jib, the lower edge of which has a considerable length. Such jibcalled "Genoa" (Genoese staysail). Military vessels, as a rule, had four jibs: for-shafts-staysail, or "small jib"; middle jib, jib, or “second jib”, or “false jib”; bom jib, or "third jib".

Extra Sails

Sails, which are added to the main direct sails of the ship to increase speed in light winds, are called extra. These include: trapezoid foxes and bram-foxes, which are placed on the sides of the marseille and bramsels, triangular or quadrangular under-foxes, which are placed on the sides of the foresail and mainsail (Fig. 7 or 8).

Earlier, canvas was also called optional, which was attached to direct sails from the sides, and sometimes from below. These are foxes or bonnets. Distinguished: foka-and grotto-bonnets (under-foxes), fore- and mainsail-mars-bonets, fore- and main-grotto-bonet. Sometimes bonnets or foxes were also placed at mizzen and kruisel. During the XIV-XVI centuries, bonnets were attached from below directly to the lower sails, including the Latin mizzen. With the introduction of reefs, they went out of use (Fig. 6).

Storm sails

In stormy conditions, the sail area is usually reduced in accordance with the strength of the wind. Storm sail-staysail, storm fore-stair-staysail, lower marseille, grilled mainsail, main-sten-staysail and grinned mizzen are referred to storm sails.

Sail details

Straight Sail Details

Sails consist of several parallel panels of canvas, imposed inlaid and sewn together with a double seam. The distance between the seams is 2-3 cm. The edges of the sail are bent and stitched, so they are usually double. A vegetable or flexible steel cable called a lyktros is sewn along the edges of the sail. The upper edge of the sail, which is tied to the yarn, is called the upper pivot or “head”, the lateral vertical edges are called side pivots and the lower edge is the lower pivot or “sole” (Fig. 9).

The upper corners of the sail are called the butt angles, the lower are called clew. (fig. 10). To strengthen the sail in the most stressful places sew strips of canvas. If they run parallel to the lower ship, then they are called bows, if they are oblique, then they are bows. Clew and knot corners and lyktros are additionally lined with leather. Reefs are called a horizontal series of ties - reef seasons, threaded through a sail, which, if necessary, reduce its area. When taking the reefs, the canvas between the ray and the corresponding reef bow is rolled up, and the resulting roll is tied with reef seasons. This method of taking reefs has survived to this day.

The grommets pass through the upper scaffold of the sail, through which small segments of the line are passed - revants, which are used to fasten the sail to the yarn lee. (Fig. 11) The sail is superimposed on the ray and fastened with small tips, the so-called season, which are tied to the ray of the rail. The jacket of the laid sail is fixed with a triangular piece of canvas tied to the middle of the yarn.

Vintage sails

Details antique sails   had the same distinguishing features and the same designations as the details of modern sails. So, on a direct sail, they distinguished: panels or the upper crib, “sides” (side crib), “legs” (lower crib), clew and knot corners. There were “head”, “side” and “foot” lyktros. To reinforce the sail, boats, stoplats, reef bows with reef ghats for reef seasons, and others were sewn onto it.

Sail details

I - lower sail or storm; II - Marseille; III - brahmsel;
  1 - lyktrosa upper breech; 2 - lyktrosy side scaffolds; 3 - reef roll gels; 4 - reef seasons; 5 - canvas of the corresponding reef; 6 - revenants; 7 - reef - bows; 8 - reef gates; 9 - Krengels bouts; 10 - binder; 11 - stoplat; 12 - revants of the knock angle; 13 - upper crib; 14 - side skins; 15 - lyktros lower castor; 16 - krengels sprite boulin; (fig. 12)

full sailing of a three-masted ship of the XVII - XVIII centuries

armament of direct sails on the ship XVIII - beginning of XIX centuries(fig. 14)

The sail was attached directly to the yoke with the help of revants who passed through the grommets of the upper crib. At the revenant, so that he did not jump out of the grommet, two knots were made. Similarly, reef seasons were attached to the reef ghats. Slags were laid in opposite directions and then tied their ends together. (fig. 15)

Details of latin sails

Latin sails   Sewn from the cloth canvas, and have bent edges trimmed with lyktrosom. The scoop of the sail, which is attached to the yarn, is called a scythe, aft - the back and the last - lower (Fig. 16)

Jib details

1 - cloth; 2 - binder; 3 - lyktros; 4 - bouts; 5 - front luff; 6 - rear luff; 7 - lower crib; 8 - tack angle; 9 - a knock angle; 10 - clew angle; 11 - eyelets for mounting raxes; 12 - krengels;

The upper corner of the sail is called the tack, the lower front is called the tack, and the lower rear is called clew. Also called parts of staysails and jibs. (fig. 17)

Latin sails   fasten on the yards with the help of the running end - slack, which passes through the grommets of the sail and around the yoke with tightening the loops with a special knot. (fig. 18)

Hafel Sails Details

Hafel Sails   also sewn from canvas panels and have folded edges around the perimeter. Sheathed with lyktros with corresponding reefs, krengels, bows and bows. The scaffold, which is attached to the hafel, is called the top or oblique, the scaffold, which is attached to the mast, is called the front (standing), rear (clew) and the last (bottom). Hafel Sailjoins the mast with the help of wooden or iron hoops - segars. (fig. 19)

Trisel Details

1 - cloth; 2 - boat; 3 - lyktros; 4 - canvas of the corresponding reef; 5 - reef bows; 6 - clew reef-krengels; 7 - tack reef-krengels; 8 - upper crib; 9 - rear luff; 10 - front luff; 11 - lower crib; 12 - nock-benzel corner; 13 - clew angle; 14 - tack angle; 15 - upper tack angle; 16 - eyelets for slab;

Sails for the manufacture of sails

Sailsew from linen, hemp or cotton fabrics. In the latter, only transverse cotton threads, longitudinal (warp) - hemp. There are five varieties of such fabrics: “Katun” (for sail sails and small vessels), double “Katun” for marseille and ship awnings, ordinary “Katun” for boats, simple “Katun” for shebeks and “Katun” with small white and blue squares for tents and curtains. Sometimes used canvas "melistukha." It was manufactured in Beaufort and Augers in the departments of Mayeni and Loire. There were two types of fabric: thinner and lighter for brahmsels, staysails and jibs, and coarser and more durable for marsels, lower staysels, etc. Canvasalways had a light gray color. For sailing use special sailing threads.

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