What is the name of the pearl merchant schooner. Meaning of the word schooner

Currently, a ship is called a military ship. Tankers, bulk carriers, bulk carriers, passenger liners, container ships, icebreakers and other representatives of the technical fleet of civilian or merchant fleets are not included in this category. But once, at the dawn of shipping, when humanity was still filling the white spaces on the routes with the vague outlines of new islands and even continents, any sailing ship was considered a ship. On board each of them were guns, and the team consisted of desperate fellows, ready for anything for the sake of profit and romance of distant wanderings. Then, in these turbulent centuries, there was a division into types of ships. The list, taking into account modern additions, would be very long, so you should focus on sailboats. Well, maybe you can add some rowing vessels.

Galleys

To get on them is an unenviable share. Such punishment in ancient times awaited inveterate criminals. And in ancient Egypt, and in Finnish, and in Greece, they were already. Over time, other types of ships appeared, but galleys were used until the Middle Ages. Those convicts served as the main driving force, but they were sometimes helped by sails, straight or triangular, mounted on two or three masts. According to modern concepts of the ship, these were not large, their displacement was only 30-70 tons, and the length rarely exceeded 30 meters, but in those days, the size of the ships was not gigantic at all. Rowers sat in rows, according to historians, in no more than three horizontal tiers. The armament of the galleys is represented by ballistas and bow rams, in later centuries these military assets were supplemented by artillery. The course, that is, the speed of movement, was controlled by the overseers, setting the rhythm with special tambourines, and, if necessary, with a whip.

Barkey

So, the bark (the name of the species comes from the Flemish word "bark") is a vessel with a number of masts from three to five. All its sails are straight, with the exception of the oblique rigging of the mizzen (aft mast). Barks are rather large vessels, for example, Kruzenshtern has a length of about 115 meters, a width of 14 meters, and a crew of 70 people. Since it was built in 1926, when steam engines were already widespread, its design also includes an auxiliary power plant with a capacity of almost one and a half thousand kilowatts, loaded in two constant steps. The speed of the ship today does not seem small, under sail the course of this barge reaches 17 knots. The purpose of the type, in general, is common for the merchant fleet of the XIX century - the delivery of mixed cargo, mail and passengers on sea lines.

Chestplate hoists the sails

In fact, the same barges, but with two masts, are called brigantines. All differ in their purpose and shipping qualities. Brigantines are distinguished by speed and ease. The sailing equipment is mixed, on the foreground (front mast) the sails are straight, and on the mainsail oblique. Favorite pirate ship of all seas. Historical sources mention the brigantines with the so-called "Bermuda grotto", that is, a triangular sail stretched between the lyktros and the forehand, but not one of the surviving representatives of the species can boast with it. However, these nuances are interesting only to specialists.

Frigates

As the fleet developed, some types of warships appeared, others disappeared, and still others took on a different meaning. An example is a frigate. This concept survived later types, such as armadillos, dreadnoughts, and even battleships. True, the modern frigate roughly corresponds to the Soviet concept of a large anti-submarine ship, but it sounds shorter and somehow prettier. In the original sense, it means a three-masted vessel with one artillery deck for 20-30 guns. Starting from the 17th century, the adjective “Dunkirk” was added to the word “frigate” for a long time, meaning that it was primarily used in a separate area of \u200b\u200bthe naval theater of operations adjacent to the Pas-de-Calais. This type was distinguished by speed. Then, as the radius of autonomy increased, they began to be called simply frigates. Displacement is average for that time, approximately the most famous Russian frigate was called the Pallas, in 1855 a glorious expedition to the shores of East Asia was undertaken under the command of Admiral E. V. Putyatin.

Caravels

"She passed like a caravel ..." - is sung in a famous pop song. It is harmless to study the types of sailing ships before composing texts for future hits. The compliment was somewhat ambiguous. Not every girl wants to be compared with a heavy, large and rather heavy ship. In addition, the nose of the caravel is high, which can also be seen as an unwanted hint.

However, basically this type, of course, has good seaworthiness. He is best known for the fact that Columbus made his expedition to the shores of the New World precisely on three caravels ("Santa Maria", "Pinta" and "Nina"). Externally, they can be distinguished by the mentioned raised tanks (bow superstructures), as well as by sailing equipment. Three masts, forehead with straight lines, and the rest with Latin (oblique) sails.

Destination - long sea and transoceanic trips.

From the word "caravel" morphologically comes the Russian word "ship". It gave the name to the famous French passenger airliner, very beautiful.

Clippers

For fast sailing all kinds of ships are created are not always remembered, but there are exceptions. Someone will say the word “cruiser”, and then everyone around will think something - some “Aurora”, others “Varangian”. As for the clippers, there is only one option - “Cutty Sark”. This vessel with a long and narrow hull went down in history for several reasons, but its main and most important quality was speed. Delivering tea from China, quickly delivering mail to distant colonies and carrying out the Queen's particularly delicate orders was the lot of clippers and their teams. And these ships did their work until the advent of the ships, and in some cases later.

Galleons

Sifting through the ancient types of warships, one cannot but recall the Great Armada, which rivaled the British fleet in the 16th century. The main unit of this formidable force was the Spanish galleon. No sailing ship of that time could compare with it in perfection. At its core, it is an improved caravel, with a reduced tank superstructure (the very “bulged nose” has almost disappeared) and an elongated body. As a result, the old Spanish shipbuilders have achieved increased stability, reduced wave resistance and, as a result, increased speed. Maneuverability has also improved. Other types of warships of the 16th century looked shorter and too high next to the galleon (this was a drawback, it was easier to get into such a goal). The outlines of the utah (aft superstructure) took on a rectangular shape, and crew conditions became more comfortable. It was on the galleons that the first latrines (latrines) appeared, hence the origin of the word.

The displacement of these "16th century battleships" ranged from 500 to 2 thousand tons. Finally, they were very beautiful, they were decorated with skillful carvings, and a majestic sculpture crowned their nose.

Schooners

There are types of large ships that have become "workhorses" designed to carry a wide variety of cargoes. Among them, schooners occupy a special place. These are multi-masted vessels, characterized in that at least two of their rigs are oblique. They are marseille, staysail, Bermuda or hafel, depending on which masts are equipped with oblique sails. It should be borne in mind that the line between a two-masted brahmselny or marseille schooner and a brigantine is very arbitrary. This type has been known since the 17th century. He achieved the greatest distribution in the merchant American Navy, in particular, Wolf Larsen, the character of Jack London, with his team preys on the schooner. Compared with her, other types of ships are more difficult to control (according to J. London, this process is accessible even to a lone sailor). Most often, the schooners were two- and three-masted, but there are cases when the equipment was much more numerous. A peculiar record was set in 1902 when a ship with seven masts was lowered into the water (Thomas Double Lawson, Quincy Shipyard).

Other types of ships

Photos of sailing ships arriving at an international regatta from around the world are published in newspapers, magazines and on the pages of websites. Such a parade is always an event, the beauty of these ships is incomparable with anything. Barges, brigantines, corvettes, frigates, clippers, caches, yachts represent all kinds of ships, fortunately preserved to our days. This spectacle distracts from everyday life and takes the viewer into past centuries, full of adventure and romance of distant wanderings. A real sailor must master the art of sailing navigation, as they say in many countries, including ours. Climbing up the cables, deploying the sails and breathing in the free wind of the sea, you can take your seats at the modern control panels of dry cargo vessels, bulk carriers and cruise ships. You can safely trust such a sailor the fate of the cargo and the lives of passengers, he will not let you down.

English A ship with two masts tilted back. An explanation of the 25,000 foreign words that have come into use in the Russian language, with the meaning of their roots. Mikhelson A.D., 1865. SHKHUNA see SHKUNA. A complete dictionary of foreign words that have come into use in ... ... Dictionary of foreign words of the Russian language

  - (Schooner) a sailing vessel with two or more masts and mostly oblique sails. Sh. Has two types of weapons: one for transport ships, the second for yachts; both have two masts (foresail and mainsail). Transport Sh. (Marseille Sh. Or ... ... Maritime Dictionary

Goleta Dictionary of Russian synonyms. schooner noun., count in synonyms: 4 balau (1) Germanism ... Synonym dictionary

  - (from English schooner) sailing vessel (from 2 to 7 masts) with slanting sails. In the 19th century applied so-called Marseille and bramsel schooners with 2 3 direct sails (usually on the fore mast) ... Big Encyclopedic Dictionary

And a suitcase, skins, wives. (Dutch schoener) (n.). Sailing wooden vessel with two n or more masts. Explanatory dictionary Ushakov. D.N. Ushakov. 1935 1940 ... Explanatory Dictionary of Ushakov

SCHUNA, s, wives. Sea vessel with slanting sails. Twin mast, multi mast Explanatory Dictionary Ozhegova. S.I. Ozhegov, N.Yu. Shvedova. 1949 1992 ... Explanatory Dictionary Ozhegova

schooner  - (obsolete shkun), pl. schooners, kind. schooner ... Dictionary of pronunciation and stress difficulties in modern Russian

schooner  - A sailing vessel with two or more masts, armed with oblique sails. In the 18th and 19th centuries, they were part of sailing fleets as messengers, had up to 16 guns. Modern schooners have a length of 22 28 m, equipped with an internal combustion engine ... Marine Biographical Dictionary

SCHOONER - a sailing vessel having from 2 to 7 masts with oblique sails on all masts. Modern ships are equipped, in addition to sails, with an internal combustion engine; wooden million steel case has a length of 20 to 30 m ... Big Polytechnical Encyclopedia

1) a marine sailing vessel with 2–7 masts, carrying only skew sails (hafel schooner) or skew on all masts and straight upper sails (marseille) on the bow mast (marseille schooner). 2) Self-propelled sailing or motor vessel for fishing ... ... Encyclopedia of technology

Books

• Schooner,. In order for a child to grow diversified, he needs to constantly receive new knowledge. It is well known that children learn best during the game. Toys company "CAA" ...
• Schooner "Zora", Yu. Usychenko. Schooner "Zora" ...

Equipped with at least two masts and oblique sails. It is easy to manage, does not require a large crew. A small draft allows the schooner to quickly move even in shallow water.

Over its history, the schooner has been modernized many times in order to increase maneuverability and resistance to the wave. It was used not only for traveling across the seas and oceans, but also as a merchant ship, and even as a naval ship.

What is a schooner and how is it arranged

This is a small ship operated by several people. The main feature of a double mast from other types of sails is the location of the highest mast of the ship or main mast. On the schooner, it is located near the stern, so as not to interfere with the pole (hafel) of the fore mast.

What is a schooner sailing weapons. The main types of rigging are divided into:

• hafelny or Bermuda - with slanting sails;
• marseille and bramsel - the schooner is equipped with an additional direct sail, bramsel;
• staysail - a staysail or a triangular sail is placed on the front mast as an additionally guided sail;
• sails on schooners are controlled from the deck; you don’t need to climb the mast, as on other sailing ships.

The narrow hull and large sails made the schooners high-speed, they developed with a tailwind speed of more than 11 knots. The schooner is especially good at crosswinds or at an acute angle to the wind. However, with a fair wind, a schooner becomes poorly managed or yawning when it wags from side to side, reducing the speed of movement.

Pearl for a pirate

In the first half of the 18th century, schooners became widespread in England. They were used by fishermen, traders and adventurers - pirates. Such a schooner is described in Stevenson’s novel “Treasure Island” - the famous “Hispaniola”.

It was quite large - with a displacement of 200 tons. Decks were divided into upper and lower. What is a schooner lower deck? It is divided into compartments:

• in the central was a cargo hold;
• in the bow was a team;
• the aft compartment of the lower deck included a galley, the captain’s cabins and crew foremen;
• the upper deck was flat, towering above the lower one by 1.6-1.7 m;
• schooners were popular with pirates because of their speed, maneuverability and low draft.

The usual pirate schooner in the 18th century was a displacement of 100 tons and carried 8 guns on board. The crew was recruited up to 75 people. The disadvantage is the short sailing range, so I had to go to the port to replenish food and water. Filibusters often abandoned old ships, flooded them and mined new ones.

In war, as in war

Starting from the 19th century, the number of masts and sails began to increase on schooners. The largest seven-masted schooner was built by the Americans at the Quincy shipyard and launched in 1902, it was called "Thomas W. Lawson."

By the way, schooners received the greatest distribution in America. They were used for trade, passenger traffic, for military purposes.

The first schooner, created by the Americans in the 1750s for the English navy, was called "Barbados". It was used in the war with the French and Indians. The ship had 14 guns and as many rotating guns.

The legendary James Cook traveled on military schooners, exploring the shores of Canada.

In the photo: Sea of \u200b\u200bJapan and schooners at the eastern borders of Russia.

Clipper History in Russia

In 1834, von Shants, adjutant to the chief of the Naval Staff of Russia, Prince Menshikov, traveled to the Northern States to receive the Kamchatka frigate steamboat ordered there. There, the future rear admiral first saw the Baltimore schooners and fell in love with them completely and irrevocably. They differed from other schooners by their high masts and large sails, which could be only three, strongly tilted to the sides of the stern.

Despite the skeptical opinion of others, the schooner showed herself excellently, revealing all the positive qualities. Later, in 1847, another such schooner was laid for service in the Baltic Fleet (“Experience”).

Schooner "Experience" during the service worked hard and made iconic voyages.

1. Participation in sailing races of 1848. These races were held by the Imperial Yacht Club of St. Petersburg.
2. Constantly patrolling, while swimming, the waters of the Gulf of Finland.
3. She took part in several expeditions with the participation of the Navy.
4. It has been off the coast of Denmark.
5. She stopped serving in the Baltic Fleet in 1863.

Equipment schooner "Experience"

The new built sailing vessel “Experience” had the following parameters:

1. length - 21.6 meters;
2. width about six meters;
3. draft - only 2.2 meters.

The displacement of the schooner was 82 tons, while in its hold was laid ballast for stability on a strong wave of about 9.6 tons of cast iron.

Schooner - smooth-deck ship. This deprives the ship of the usual hold, so the water and provisions were not located in the center, but along the edges of the ship.

"Experience", armed with two gaffle masts, carried only three sails with a total area of \u200b\u200b346 square meters. meters (fock, mainsail and jib). A detailed description of the schooner "Experience" was published in the journal "Marine Collection" in 1949. It was from these drawings that the Russian sailors who suffered a disaster on the frigate "Diana" off the coast of Japan, built the famous "Kheda".

The creation of the Kheda not only returned the Russian sailors to their homeland, but also opened up the world of European shipbuilding to Japan.

The development of shipbuilding and the role of schooners

Schooners played a favorable role in the development of shipbuilding in many countries. The Dutch developed the main lines of the sailing ship, the British were the first to use them for military purposes, the Americans modernized and multiplied, and the Russians adjusted to the needs of their fleet, giving impetus to new research in shipbuilding. Pilot ships that adopted the best Baltimore properties were used until the 20th century. It is difficult to overestimate the role of schooners in the development of trade and political relations between countries.

Former British Admiralty librarian L.G. Carr Lafton indicated in his work that the characteristic equipment of a schooner is two hafel sails and a front sail. In addition, he notes that already in 1630 in Holland prototypes of schooners without a front sail were used. In 1780, the Falconer Universal Maritime Dictionary defined the schooner as “a small two-mast vessel, whose main sail and foresail are suspended on hafels passing under the booms, the aft ends of which are attached to the iron, covering the mast so as to rotate around the axis, while the rear the ends move one way or the other side of the ship. " The word probably came from a Scotland schoon meaning gliding over water. The word schooner was first recorded in February 1717 in a Boston newsletter.

The schooner was a small ship. Managed by him, as a rule, a crew of several people. Two or three masts were placed on the schooner. Sailing was a hafel. The bowsprit carried two triangular sails - a jib and a bom-jib. The fork staysail was the third sail. In the event that two marseille were built on the foremast instead of the top-mast, the schooner was called the marseille. These ships were mainly used in the merchant fleet. In the XIX century. the number of masts was increased on the schooners, and the sails were set only oblique.

The narrow hull and the large area of \u200b\u200bthe sails made them fast, the usual speed of the schooner with a tailwind exceeded 11 knots. The draft of the schooner was also low, which allowed them to swim freely among the shallows and near the shore.

With a displacement of up to 100 tons, the pirate schooner carried 8 cannons and a crew of about 75 people.

The disadvantage of the schooner was the insufficient swimming range. I often had to call at ports to replenish supplies of water and food. However, with sufficient knowledge and skill, the pirates took everything they needed into the sea.

Most schooners were two-masted. But at the end of the 18th century there was a version of the three-masted schooners, which were often called the “Schooner of Turn”. The first such schooner to be used in the navy was Revenge. Built in Baltimore in 1805, this schooner was later renamed the Admiralty into Flying Fish. Its characteristics: length - 79 feet (24 m), width - 22 feet (7 m) and weight - 150 tons. Armament - 10 twelve-pound carronades.

As the warships of the schooner began to be used for the first time during the Seven Years' War of 1755 - 1763 (the period of wars with the French and Indians). The first schooner built by the Americans for the Royal Navy was a ship called Barbadoes ("Barbados"). March 15, 1757 he was acquired by the flotilla under the command of Moore, located in the English harbor, Antigua (English Harbor, Antigua). Barbadoes were 80 feet long, 22 feet wide, draft 9 feet, and mass 130 tons. Fourteen 3-pound guns were installed on the ship, and probably an approximate number of revolving cannons. The important role that schooners played in coastal waters is supported by the following fact. In 1763, Captain James Cook (later famous for being the first known European to land in Australia) received under his command the military schooner Grenville ("Grenville"), on which he was supposed to explore the eastern shores of present-day Canada. He had been doing this for four years, and every winter he had to cross the North Atlantic Ocean. Schuns were not part of the fleets of the remaining European powers until the 1760s.

Undoubtedly, the most famous class of schooners is the Baltimore Clippers. These ships, built in the early 1800s, had a number of features that distinguished them from the rest of the schooners. They all reached a length of about 100 feet, their mainmast was shifted to the stern, and the foremast was almost the same height as the mainmast. All of these schooners had a midline incision in the shape of a heart and a sloping back. The first famous Baltimore clipper was the British schooner Berbice ("Berbis"), built in Virginia in 1798. She was shorter than her later-built cousins, reaching only 73 feet in length. Its width was 21 feet, draft - 9 feet, and the mass was 100 tons. The armament consisted of eight 4-pound guns and four rotating cannons. The heyday of the American version of the Baltimore clipper dates back to the war of 1812, when ships of this class managed to capture more than 500 British ships.

The most famous American schooner used as a privateer (private armed vessel) was Prince de Newfatel. Built in New York in 1812, it had the following characteristics: length - 110 feet (34 m), width - 26 feet (8 m), draft - 12 feet (4 m) and weight - 328 tons. Armament - 2 six-pound guns for pursuit and 16 twelve-pound carronades (short-barreled guns, named after the Scottish "Carron"). She was not converted into a merchant ship, but was created as a privateer. The project was successful - Prince De Neufchatel outnumbered at least 17 British warships. The schooner turned out to be so successful that on October 11, 1812, her valiant team in a naval battle knocked out the British 40-gun frigate Endymion.

In 1902, the Americans managed to build a seven-masted schooner with a metal hull, Thomas W. Lawson. Her characteristics: length - 370 feet (113 m), width - 50 feet (15 m), draft - 35 feet (11 m) and weight 5218 tons. The schooner was so terribly poorly controlled that someone once described her control as "a whale washed ashore"

Main sources:

• Schooner (Dutch: Schoener) is a type of sailing vessel with at least two masts and slanting sails on all masts. According to the type of sailing equipment, schooners are divided into hafel, Bermuda, staysail, marseille and bramsel. The bramsel schooner differs from the marseille schooner by the presence of the bram-rod and another additional direct sail - the bramsel. Moreover, in some cases, the marseille and bramsel double-masted schooners (especially with a brief) can be confused with the brigantine. Regardless of the type of oblique sails (hafel or Bermuda), a schooner can also be marseille (brahmsel). The schooners had a slight draft, which allowed walking even in shallow water.

  The main difference between a two-masted schooner and other types of sailing weapons is the location of the main mast, the ship’s highest mast. In the case of sailing armaments of this type, the mainmast is located closer to the stern, so that, especially in the case of gaffel armament, the carnag stag connecting the forehead and mainmast goes slightly up and does not interfere with the gaffel of the foremast.

  A schooner walks very well with a crosswind and at an acute angle to the wind, she has much less gear in a running rigging than a ship with direct sailing weapons, a simpler equipment is equipped, which made it possible to significantly reduce the crew. All work with sails was carried out from the deck, while on a ship with straight sails for raising and lowering a large number of people need to climb the masts. However, with a fair wind, the schooner is significantly inferior to ships with straight sails and becomes yawning. Nevertheless, in the last century of the widespread use of sailboats, the advantages of the schooner in reducing the number and skill of the crew turned out to be more sensitive due to the desire of shipowners to reduce the cost of transporting goods in competition with ships, therefore the end of the XIX and the beginning of the XX centuries became the heyday of the schooner, namely then gigantic ships were built with this type of sailing weaponry, such as the Thomas W. Lawson (1902, see below).

  The first ships with schooner rigging appeared in the 17th century in Holland and England, but schooners were widely used in America. They had two masts with hawed sails and were used for coastal shipping. In the XVII - XVIII centuries were the main pirate ships in the Caribbean. In its heyday, only on the Great Lakes between the USA and Canada, up to two thousand schooners plied.

  At the end of the 19th century, the competition of steamships led to the need to reduce the crew of ships. Thanks to the simplicity of sailing weapons and ease of control, it was the schooners who could withstand this struggle. Basically, two- and three-masted schooners were built, less often four-, five- and six-masted. And in 1902, in the city of Quincy, Massachusetts (USA), the only seven-masted schooner “Thomas W. Lawson” was launched into the water. "Thomas W. Lawson" was intended for the transport of coal. Each of the seven steel masts with a height of 35 m weighed 20 tons. Their continuation was wooden 17-meter rods. The work of the sailors was facilitated by various mechanisms, due to which only 16 people managed a huge sailing ship. The schooner, which did not have an engine, was equipped with a steam steering machine, steam winches, an electrical system and even a telephone network.

  After the First World War, when there were not enough merchant ships, the Americans, possessing excellent forests, built many wooden schooners of various sizes, with from three to five masts.